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Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE > Ch.23 digestive tract for FOURTH exam > Flashcards

Ch.23 digestive tract for FOURTH exam Flashcards

1
Q

_______ is the catabolic process that breaks macromolecules down into monomers small enough for absorption

A

Digestion

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2
Q

What type of process is digestion?

A

Catabolic

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3
Q

True or false, digestion is a catabolic process that binds monomers into bigger macromolecules

A

False, digestion breaks macromolecules down into monomers

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4
Q

Absorption is the process of moving substances from the ____ of the gut into the body

A

lumen

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5
Q

What ensures molecules will pass through epithelial cells rather than between them?

A

Tight junctions

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6
Q

T or F, gap junctions ensure that molecules will pass through epithelial cells rather than between them?

A

False; tight junctions

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7
Q

True or false, lipid molecules must be absorbed through the membrane by active transport

A

False; they can be passed through passively

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8
Q

____ molecules can be absorbed passively through the membrane, but other molecules are absorbed by active transport

A

Lipid

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9
Q

For the digestion of carbohydrates, only _______ can be absorbed

A

monosaccharide’s

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10
Q

For the digestion of carbohydrates, ______ and ______ are broken down into oligosaccharides and disaccharides

A

Starch and disaccharides

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11
Q

T or F, maltose can be absorbed

A

False, maltose is not a monosaccharide so it cannot be absorbed through digestion.

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12
Q

People with lactose intolerance have deficient amounts of ______ and cannot consume lactose

A

lactase

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13
Q

Why do lactose intolerant people get diarrhea when they consume milk?

A

Lactose remains undigested (due to lack of lactase) and creates an osmotic gradient in the intestine that prevents water from being absorbed

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14
Q

T or F, any lactose eaten in a person who is lactose intolerant will remain undigested and create a concentrated gradient.

A

False, creates an osmotic gradient

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15
Q

What causes bloating, flatulence, and cramping pain?

A

The bacterial metabolism of undigested solutes

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16
Q

Sources of protein are not only dietary but they also include….

A

Include digestive enzymes and proteins from the breakdown of mucosal cells

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17
Q

Digestion begins in stomach when ______ is converted to pepsin at a pH range of what?

A

pepsinogen; 1.5-2.5

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18
Q

How long is the small intestine? from what to what end?

A

2-3M long from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve.

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19
Q

The small intestine’s length provides what?

A

Provides a huge surface area for nutrient absorption

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20
Q

What do the circular folds of the small intestine do?

A

They force chyme to ….

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21
Q

______ is the fingerlike projections of mucosa with a core that contains a dense capillary bed and lymphatic capillary called a lacteal for absorption

A

Villi

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22
Q

The _______ are cytoplasmic extensions of mucosal cells that give the fuzzy appearance called the brush border that contains brush border enzymes

A

Microvilli

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23
Q

What are brush border enzymes used for?

A

Used for final carbohydrate and protein absorption

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24
Q

How much intestinal juice is secreted daily?

A

1-2L

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25
Q

Major stimulus for production of intestinal juice is _____ or _____ chyme

A

hypertonic or acidic

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26
Q

_____ ______ consists mostly of water but also contains music. Mucus is secreted by duodenal glands and goblet cells of mucosa

A

Intestinal juice

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27
Q

_____ from the stomach contains partially digested carbohydrates and proteins, and undigested fats

A

Chyme

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28
Q

Mucus of intestinal juice is secreted by _______ glands and ______ cells of the mucosa

A

Duodenal glands; goblet cells

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29
Q

What substances are imported from the liver and pancreas into the small intestine?

A

Bile, bicarbonate, and digestive enzymes

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30
Q

Which enzyme performs the final digestion of chyme?

A

The brush border enzyme that is bound to the plasma membrane

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31
Q

Chyme entering the duodenum is usually hyper or hypotonic?

A

Hypertonic

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32
Q

______ delivery has to be slow to prevent the osmotic loss of water from blood

A

Chyme

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33
Q

With regulating chyme entry, what needs to happen to the pH

A

It needs to be adjusted upward

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34
Q

_________ is the most common motion of the small intestine

A

Segmentation

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35
Q

T or F, peristalsis is the most common motion of the small intestine

A

False…segmentation

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36
Q

With digestion of the Small intestine, _______ increases, initiated by rise in the hormone motilin in the late intestinal phase

A

peristalsis

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37
Q

The _________ sphincter controls entry of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum

A

hepatopancreatic

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38
Q

Which smaller duct empties directly into the duodenum?

A

Accessory pancreatic duct

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39
Q

Bile and pancreatic juice secretions are both

stimulated by _____ and ______ controls

A

hormonal and neural

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40
Q

When considering the regulation of bile and pancreatic secretions, hormonal controls include ______ (CCK) and ______

A

Cholecystokinin and secretin

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41
Q

Is bile secretion increased when enterohepatic circulation returns large amounts of bile salts?

A

Yes

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42
Q

What is the major organ of digestion and absorption?

A

Small intestine

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43
Q

Describe the circular folds of the small intestine (They are considered a modification)

A

Permanent folds that are around 1cm deep that force chime to slowly spiral through lumen, allowing more time for nutrient absorption

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44
Q

What are the three major modifications of the small intestine?

A

Circular fold, villi, and microvilli

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45
Q

The ____ of the small intestine are fingerlike projections of mucosa (1mm high) with a core that contains dense capillary beds and a lymphatic capillary called a ______ for absorption

A

Villi and lacteal

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46
Q

True or false, the large intestine is the major organ of digestion and absorption

A

False; small intestine

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47
Q

Which are smaller, villi or microvilli?

A

Microvilli

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48
Q

True or false, microvilli contain lymphatic capillary beds called lacteals

A

False; villi contain the lacteals

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49
Q

______ are cytoplasmic extensions of mucosal cells that give a fuzzy appearance called the brush border that contain membrane bound enzymes

A

Microvilli

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50
Q

_____ _____ enzymes are membrane bound and used for the final carbohydrate and protein digestion

A

Brush border enzymes

51
Q

How much intestinal juice is secreted daily in response to distension or irritation of mucosa?

A

1-2L

52
Q

What is the major stimulus for intestinal juice production?

A

Hypertonic or acidic chyme

53
Q

Is intestinal juice slightly acidic and isotonic with blood plasma?

A

Yes, but it is alkaline, not acidic.

54
Q

Intestinal juice consists largely of water, but also contains _____

A

mucus

55
Q

Mucus of intestinal juice is secreted by the duodenal glands and _____ cells of mucosa

A

Goblet

56
Q

Chyme from the stomach contains partially digested carbohydrates and proteins, and undigested _____

A

fats

57
Q

How long does it take for the small intestine to absorb all nutrients and most water?

A

3-6 hours

58
Q

True or false, chyme from the stomach contains partially digested carbohydrates and proteins, and undigested fats

A

True

59
Q

For digestion, substances such as ____, ____, and digestive enzymes (not brush border) are imported from the liver and pancreas

A

bile and bicarbonate

60
Q

T or F, chyme entering the duodenum is usually hypertonic; therefore, chyme delivery has to be fast to prevent osmotic loss of water from blood

A

False…chyme delivery has to be slow, not fast

61
Q

What does chyme need to be mixed with to continue digestion?

A

Bile and pancreatic juice

62
Q

Does the pH of chyme need to be adjusted higher or lower?

A

Higher…it’s too acidid

63
Q

Between meals, peristalsis increases, initiated by rise in the hormone _____ in the late intestinal phase

A

motilin

64
Q

Every 90-120 minutes, which hormone increases peristalsis?

A

Motilin

65
Q

What is moved to the large intestine?

A

Meal remnants, bacteria, and debris

66
Q

What are the three unique features seen in the large intestine and not anywhere else?

A

Teniae coli, bacterial flora, and Haustra

67
Q

What is teniae coli of the large intestine?

A

Three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the muscularis

68
Q

The large intestine contains a thicker mucosa made up of _____ _____ epithelium (except for in the anal canal)

A

simple columnar

69
Q

How many different types of bacterial flora do we have in the LI?

A

1,000+

70
Q

What outnumbers our cells 10 to 1?

A

Bacterial flora

71
Q

Bacterial flora enters either the _____ ____ or ___ to colonize the colon

A

small intestine or anus

72
Q

Where will you find stratified squamous epithelium in the lower GI tract instead of simple columnar epithelium?

A

In the anal canal

73
Q

Which vitamins do bacterial flora synthesize so the liver can use them to produce clotting factors?

A

B complex and K

74
Q

T or F, beneficial bacteria outnumbers and suppresses pathogenic bacteria

A

T

75
Q

Does the immune system destroy any bacteria that tries to breach the mucosal barrier?

A

Yes

76
Q

Why is the anal canal made up of stratified squamous epithelium instead of simple columnar?

A

To withstand abrasion

77
Q

What are haustra of the large intestine?

A

Pocketlike sacs caused by tone of teniae coli

78
Q

Unlike the small intestine, the large intestine does not contain which three details?

A

Circular folds, villi, or digestive secretions

79
Q

Does the large intestine contain an abundant amount of deep crypts that contain many mucus producing goblet cells?

A

Yes

80
Q

Which part of the large intestine synthesizes B complex and some vitamin K

A

Bacterial flora

81
Q

What are the two metabolic functions of bacterial flora?

A
  1. ferments indigestible carbohydrates and mucin

2. release irritating acids and gases (500ml/day)

82
Q

Mounting evidence supports findings that the kinds and proportions of gut bacteria can influence what?

A

Body weight, susceptibility to various diseases, and our moods

83
Q

Evidence supports that bacterial flora can influence our susceptibility to various disease. This includes which three diseases

A

Diabetes, atherosclerosis, and fatty liver disease

84
Q

T or F, the large intestine contains a thicker mucosa made up of stratified columnar epithelium

A

False…simple columnar

85
Q

“ferments indigestible carbohydrates and mucin” this describes a function of..

A

bacterial flora

86
Q

True or false, gut bacteria can influence our moods

A

True

87
Q

How many deaths occur each year due to antibiotic associated diarrhea?

A

14k

88
Q

What is the full name for C. diff?

A

Clostridium difficile

89
Q

What is C. diff?

A

An anaerobic bacterium that many people carry in the intestine

90
Q

What is a new treatment for patients who suffer from C. diff infections?

A

Fecal transplants to help replace the missing healthy bacteria which suppresses C. Diff

91
Q

How long does residue remain in the large intestine?

A

12-24 hours

92
Q

What is the major function of the large intestine?

A

Propulsion of feces to anus and then defecation

93
Q

True or false, food breakdown occurs in the large intestine

A

False

94
Q

Vitamins, water, and _____ are reclaimed in the large intestine

A

electrolytes

95
Q

____ occurs when the large intestine does not have sufficient time to absorb water

A

diarrhea

96
Q

Prolonged diarrhea may result in what?

A

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

97
Q

______ can occur when food remains in colon for an extended period of time and too much water is absorbed.

A

Constipation

98
Q

Constipation may result from insufficient amount of ____ or fluid in the diet, improper bowel habits, lack of exercise, or laxative abuse

A

fiber

99
Q

Material enters the cell through the _____ membrane (lumen side) and exits through the ______ membrane (blood side)

A

Apical and basolateral (tip for remembering: BB=Basolateral/Blood side)

100
Q

For digestion, Enzymes carry out ______ whereby water is ADDED to break chemical bonds

A

Hydrolysis (hydro=water)

101
Q

______ and _____ gland enzymes are involved in digestion

A

intrinsic and accessory

102
Q

The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the _____ with amylase found in the ______

A

mouth; saliva

103
Q

What are the three main monosaccharide’s

A

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

104
Q

People with lactose intolerance have deficient amounts of ______

A

lactase

105
Q

Who are abnormal ones, people who are lactose intolerant or people who can drink milk?

A

People who can drink milk. They have a mutation that allows their body to keep producing lactase even in adulthood.

106
Q

lactose intolerant people who drink milk will have _____

A

diarrhea

107
Q

What happens when lactose intolerant people drink milk?

A

Any lactose remains undigested(due to lack of lactase) and this creates an osmotic gradient in the intestine that prevents water from being absorbed.

108
Q

In rare cases, intact proteins are taken up by intestinal epithelial cells by endocytosis and are released into the body. Which age group does this most commonly happen to? Why?

A

Most common in newborn infants because of the immaturity of their intestinal mucosa

109
Q

Digestion in the stomach begins when _______ is converted to _______ at pH range of 1.5-2.5

A

Pepsinogen into pepsin

110
Q

Describe what proteins are broken into

A

Proteins are broken into large polypeptides, small polypeptides and small peptides, and then finally into amino acid monomers with some dipeptides and tripeptides

111
Q

When does pepsin become inactive?

A

In the high pH of duodenum

112
Q

The _____ of ingested cells in food contain DNA and RNA

A

nuclei

113
Q

_____ ______ hydrolyze nucleic acid to nucleotide monomers

A

pancreatic nucleases

114
Q

which three enzymes break down nucleotides into free nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate ions?

A

Brush border enzymes, nucleosiyeases, and phosphatases

115
Q

Vitamin absorption occurs mostly in which organ?

A

Small intestine

116
Q

which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E, and K

117
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A

C and B

118
Q

Which vitamin is a large, charged molecule that binds with intrinsic factor and is absorbed by endocytosis?

A

B12

119
Q

Which group of vitamins are carried by micelles and diffuse into absorptive cells?

A

Fat soluble vitamins

120
Q

Which group of vitamins are absorbed by diffusion or by passive and active transporters?

A

water soluble

121
Q

In the large intestine, which vitamins are absorbed from bacterial metabolism?

A

K and B

122
Q

_______ can be caused by anything that interferes with delivery of bile or pancreatic juice

A

Malabsorption

123
Q

What is celiac disease?

A

A common malabsorption disease:

immune reaction to gluten, gluten causes immune cell damage to intestinal villi and brush border

124
Q

Treatment for celiac disease

A

eliminate gluten from diet

Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE (18 decks)

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