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Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE > Ch.21 Immune system > Flashcards

Ch.21 Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

The _______ _____ provides resistance to disease

A

immune system

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2
Q

What are two intrinsic systems the immune system is made up of?

A

Innate and Adaptive

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3
Q

The _____ defense system constitutes the first and second lines of defense

A

Innate

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4
Q

The innate defense system is considered _______

A

Nonspecific

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5
Q

What areas of the body include the first line of defense?

A

External body membranes: skin and mucosae

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6
Q

What makes up the second line of defense of the innate defense system?

A

Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells

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7
Q

What does the second line of defense of the innate defense system inhibit?

A

Inhibits the spread of invaders: inflammation is the most important mechanism

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8
Q

The ______ (specific) defense system makes up the _____ line of defense

A

The adaptive (specific) defense system makes up the third line of defense

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9
Q

What does the third line of defense do?

A

Attacks particular foreign substances (takes longer to react than innate)

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10
Q

Does the adaptive defense system take longer or quicker to react than innate?

A

Longer

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11
Q

Is the immune system a functional or organ system?

A

Functional

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12
Q

Both defense systems release and recognize many of the same ______ _______

A

defensive molecules

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13
Q

_____ defenses do have specific pathways for certain substances

A

Innate

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14
Q

______responses release proteins that alter cells of ______ system to foreign molecules

A

Innate alerts adaptive

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15
Q

What does the innate system use the first and second line of defenses for?

A

To stop attacks by pathogens

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16
Q

Surface barriers include _____ and _____ _____, along with their secretions

A

skin and mucous membranes

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17
Q

Surface barriers are the ______ barrier to most microorganisms

A

physical

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18
Q

_____ is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins

A

Keratin

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19
Q

________ provide similar mechanical barriers as a surface barrier

A

Mucosae

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20
Q

Skin and mucous membranes produce protective chemicals that _____ or destroy microorganisms

A

inhibit

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21
Q

Acid: acidity of skin and some _____ ______ inhibits growth; called acid mantle

A

Mucous secretions

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22
Q

Skin and mucous membranes produce protective ______ that inhibit or destroy microorganisms

A

chemicals

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23
Q

______: lysozyme of saliva, resp. mucus, and lacrimal fluid kills many organisms; answer in stomach kill many microorganisms

A

Enzymes

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24
Q

Enzymes: _____ of saliva, respiratory mucus, and _____ fluid kills many microorganisms

A

Lysozyme of saliva; lacrimal fluid

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25
Q

_____ in the stomach kill many microorganisms

A

enzymes

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26
Q

____: sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract and traps microorganisms

A

Mucin

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27
Q

______: antimicrobial peptides that inhibit microbial growth

A

Defensins

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28
Q

other chemicals: ____ in sebum and _____ in sweat are toxic to some bacteria

A

lipids in sebum and dermicidin

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29
Q

Surface areas breached by nicks or cuts trigger the internal _____ line of defense that protects deeper tissue

A

Second

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30
Q

Many second-line cells have _____ _____ receptors that recognize and bind tightly to structures on microbes, disarming them before they do harm

A

Pattern recognition

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31
Q

______ are white blood cells that ingest an digest foreign invaders

A

phagocytes

32
Q

______ are the most abundant phagocytes, but die fighting; become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material

A

Neutrophils

33
Q

_____ develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytic cells; most robust phagocytic cell

A

Macrophages

34
Q

____ macrophages wander through tissue spaces

A

Free

35
Q

____ macrophages are permanent residents of some organs

A

Fixed

36
Q

What’s an example of a free macrophage?

A

Alveolar macrophages

37
Q

What’s an example of a fixed macrophage?

A

Stellate macrophages of the liver, and microglia of the brain

38
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Process when phagocyte recognizes and adheres to pathogens carbohydrate “signature”

39
Q

Some pathogens are not killed with acidified _____ ______ during phagocytosis

A

lysosomal enzymes

40
Q

Phagocytosis has helper ___ cells which trigger macrophage to produce a respiratory burst, which kills pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzymes

A

T cells

41
Q

During phagocytosis, helper T cells trigger macrophage to produce ____ _____which kills pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzymes

A

respiratory burst

42
Q

Helper T cells cause macrophages to produce respiratory bursts by releasing cell-killing ____ _____

A

free radicals

43
Q

Helper T cells cause macrophages to produce respiratory bursts by producing ______ _____ (E.g H2O2)

A

Oxidizing chemicals

44
Q

Helper T cells cause macrophages to produce respiratory bursts by increasing pH and ______ of phagolysosome

A

osmolarity

45
Q

Non-phagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph can kill ____ and ____ infected cells before adaptive immune system

A

cancer and virus infected cells

46
Q

What “natural killer” cells kills cancer and virus infected cells before the adaptive immune system is activated?

A

Non-phagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph

47
Q

Natural killer cells attack cells that lack what?

A

that lack “self” cell surface receptors

48
Q

Natural killer cells kill by inducing _____ in cancer cells and virus infected cells

A

apoptosis

49
Q

Natural killer cells secrete chemicals that enhance the _______ response

A

inflammatory

50
Q

_______ is triggered whenever body tissues are injured

A

Inflammation

51
Q

List some injuries that cause inflammation

A

Trauma, heat, irritating chemicals, or infections by microorganisms

52
Q

What are the benefits of inflammation?

A

Prevents the spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, alerts adaptive immune system, and sets the stage for repair

53
Q

Benefit of inflammation: Prevents spread of damaging agents. T or F?

A

True

54
Q

Destroys cell debris and pathogens. Is this a benefit of inflammation?

A

No. Inflammation disposes, not destroys

55
Q

What sets the stage for repair when tissue is injured?

A

Inflammation

56
Q

What are the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain

57
Q

What is the occasional fifth sign of acute inflammation?

A

Impairment of function is seen if movement or use of area is hampered

58
Q

______ chemical release: chemicals are released by ECF by injured tissues, immune cells, or blood proteins

A

Inflammatory

59
Q

What’s an example of inflammatory chemical release?

A

Histamine is released by mast cells

60
Q

Other inflammatory mediators besides histamine include….

A

Kinins, prostaglandins, and complement.

61
Q

All _______ chemicals cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction of local arterioles?

A

Inflammatory vasodilation

62
Q

All ______ chemicals make capillaries leaky

A

inflammatory

63
Q

Many ______ chemicals attract leukocytes to area

A

inflammatory

64
Q

Vasodilation from inflammatory responses causes what?

A

Hyperemia: congestion with blood which leads to redness and heat

65
Q

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability: Increased capillary permeability causes what?

A

Exudate, fluid containing clotting and factors, to leak into tissue. This results in local swelling. Swelling also pushes on nerve endings, resulting in pain

66
Q

“Pain can also result from release of toxins from bacteria or released prostaglandins and Kinins.” T or F?

A

True

67
Q

What are the benefits of edema?

A

Surge of fluid in tissue sweeps foreign material into lymphatic vessels for processing in lymph nodes. Also delivers clotting proteins and complement to area

68
Q

Phagocyte mobilization: ______ flood area first and macrophages follow

A

neutrophils

69
Q

Phagocyte mobilization: If inflammation is due to _____, complement is activated and the adaptive immunity elements arrive

A

pathogens

70
Q

____ is a creamy yellow mixture of dead neutrophils, tissue/cells and living/dead pathogens

A

Pus

71
Q

What’s an abscess?

A

When collagen fibers are laid down, the sac of pus is walled down and may need to be surgically drained.

72
Q

Some bacteria, such as ______ _____, resist digestion by macrophages and remain alive inside

A

tuberculosis bacilli

73
Q

What does tuberculosis bacilli form?

A

Tumorlike growths called granulomas which are areas of infected macrophages surrounded by uninfected macrophages and outer capsule

74
Q

Does resistant bacteria remain inactive forever?

A

It can until a persons immunity decreases causing it to become activated and cause disease

75
Q

_______ _____ enhance innate defense by: attacking microorganisms directly or at least hindering their ability to reproduce

A

antimicrobial proteins

76
Q

What are the most important antimicrobial proteins?

A

Interferons and complement proteins

77
Q

Interferons and complement proteins are the most important ________ proteins

A

animicrobial

Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE (18 decks)

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