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Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE > Ch.20 Lymphatic > Flashcards

Ch.20 Lymphatic Flashcards

1
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Returns fluids leaked from blood vessels back to blood; consists of three parts.

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2
Q

What are the three main parts of the lymphatic system?

A

Network of lymphatic vessels called lymphatic’s, Lymph (fluid in vessels), and lymph nodes (cleanse lymph)

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3
Q

Lymphoid organs and tissues provide the structural basis of the immune system by housing ________ cells and _______

A

Phagocytic cells and lymphocytes

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4
Q

_____ _____ and ______ provide the structural basis of the immune system by housing phagocytic cells and lymphocytes

A

Lymphoid organs and tissues

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5
Q

The _____ ______ returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back into the blood.

A

Lymphatic system

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6
Q

______ ______: elaborate network of drainage vessels

A

Lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

Once ______ fluid enters lymphatics, it is called lymph

A

interstitial fluid

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8
Q

When interstitial fluid enters the lymphatics, what does it become?

A

Lymph

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9
Q

Are lymphatic vessels a one or two way system? Why?

A

One way; ensuring lymph flows only towards the heart

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10
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries?

A

Blind-ended vessels that weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries

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11
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are absent where in the body?

A

Bones, teeth, bone marrow, and the CNS

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12
Q

Are lymphatic capillaries in the CNS? Why or why not?

A

No; CNS uses CSF for drainage

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13
Q

What can lymphatic capillaries do that blood capillaries cannot?

A

take up and transport larger molecules and particles that blood capillaries cannot

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14
Q

What are some examples of the larger molecules and particles that lymphatic capillaries can pick up and blood capillaries cannot?

A

Proteins, cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells

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15
Q

What is the negative side to lymphatic capillaries being able to pick up larger molecules than blood caps?

A

They include pathogens and cancer cells, which then travel up throughout the body

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16
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are blind-ended tubes in which adjacent _________ cells overlap each other, forming flap like mini-valves

A

Endothelial

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17
Q

________ are specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa

A

Lacteals

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18
Q

What do lacteals do?

A

Absorb digested fat and deliver fatty lymh to the blood

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19
Q

What is fatty lymph called?

A

Chyle

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20
Q

What is chyle?

A

Fatty lymph that has been fat absorbed by lacteals

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21
Q

Lymph capillaries drain into increasingly larger vessels called ________ lymphatic vessels

A

collecting

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22
Q

What are collecting lymphatic vessels?

A

Larger vessels that lymph capillaries drain into.

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23
Q

What in the lymphatic system has similar structures and tunics to veins?

A

Larger lymphatic vessels

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24
Q

Larger lymphatic vessels have similar structures and tunics to veins, except?

A

Lymphatic V’s have more internal valves and thinner walls, and anastomose more frequently

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25
Q

_____ vessels in the skin travel with superficial veins but deep vessels travel with the arteries

A

Collecting

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26
Q

Larger lymphatic vessels consist of ______ vessels, ______, and ______

A

Collecting, trunks, and ducts

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27
Q

Lymphatic ______, which are formed by union of largest collecting vessels, drain large areas of the body

A

trunks

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28
Q

Lymph is delivered from trunks into one of two large lymphatic _____

A

ducts

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29
Q

The _____ lymphatic duct trains right upper arm and right side of head and thorax

A

right

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30
Q

The ______ duct drains the rest of the body

A

Thoracic

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31
Q

In about half of individuals, the ____ _____ starts out as an enlarged sac called the cisterna chyli

A

thoracic duct

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32
Q

In about half of individuals, what does the thoracic duct start out as?

A

a small sac: Cisterna chyli

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33
Q

________ is a condition in which lymphatic vessels appear as painful red lines under the skin

A

lymphangitis

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34
Q

What is lymphangitis caused by?

A

Inflammation of larger lymphatic vessels that contain vaso vasora

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35
Q

Is the lymph system a low-pressure system like the venous system or high pressure like the arterial system?

A

low-pressure

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36
Q

Lymph is propelled by the milking action of the _______ _____

A

skeletal muscle

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37
Q

Lymph is propelled by pressure changes in the______ during breathing

A

thorax

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38
Q

Lymph is propelled by ______ to prevent backflow

A

valves

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39
Q

Lymph is propelled by the ______ of nearby arteries

A

pulsations

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40
Q

Lymph is propelled by contractions of ________ muscle in the walls of lymphatics

A

smooth

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41
Q

Physical activity increases or decreases the flow of lymph?

A

increases

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42
Q

Lymphedema?

A

Sever localized edema (elephant leg)

43
Q

What causes lymphedema?

A

It is caused by anything that prevents normal return of lymph to blood

44
Q

What are some examples of what can cause lymphedema?

A

Tumors blocking the lymphatics or the removal of lymphatics during cancer surgery

45
Q

_______ cells consist of immune system cells found in lymphoid tissue and supporting cells that form lymphoid tissue structures

A

Lymphoid

46
Q

Which two immune system cells protect against antigens?

A

T and B cells

47
Q

Which cell attacks and destroys infected cells, T or B?

A

T cells

48
Q

What are the two main cells that lymphocytes mature into?

A

T cells and B cells

49
Q

__ cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies

A

B

50
Q

B cells produce ______ cells, which secrete antibodies

A

Plasma

51
Q

B cells produce plasma cells which in turn secrete what?

A

Antibodies

52
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

They mark antigens for destruction y phagocytosis

53
Q

Other lymphoid immune cells include ______ (these phagocytize foreign substances )and ______ cells

A

Macrophages and Dendritic cells

54
Q

Which lymphoid immune cells capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes?

A

Dendritic cells

55
Q

Which lymphoid immune cells phagocytize foreign substances?

A

Macrophages

56
Q

What are the supporting lymphoid cells called that produce stroma?

A

Reticular cells

57
Q

Reticular cells produce reticular fibers called ______ in lymphoid organs to support immune cells

A

stroma

58
Q

______: network like support that acts as scaffolding for immune cells

A

Stroma

59
Q

What are the two main functions of lymphoid tissue?

A
  1. House and provide proliferation sites for lymphocytes.

2. Offer surveillance vantage points for lymphocytes and macrophages as they filter through lymph(fluid)

60
Q

Lymphoid tissue _______ and _______ proliferation sites for lymphocytes

A

Houses and provides

61
Q

Lymphoid tissue offers surveillance vantage points for ________ and ______ as they filter through lymph

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages

62
Q

Lymphoid tissue is largely composed of what?

A

Reticular connective tissue

63
Q

T or F, reticular connective tissue is a type of tight connective tissue?

A

False, it is a type of loose connective tissue

64
Q

_______ live on the reticular fibers found in lymphoid tissue

A

Macrophages

65
Q

Macrophages live on _____ _____ found in lymphoid tissue

A

reticular fibers

66
Q

Spaces between fibers in lymphoid tissue offer a place for ______ to occupy when they return from patrolling the body

A

lymphocytes

67
Q

What are the two main types of lymphoid tissues?

A

Diffuse and lymphoid follicles

68
Q

____ lymphoid tissue is the loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and some reticular fibers

A

Diffuse

69
Q

Which type of lymphoid tissue is found in virtually every organ?

A

Diffuse lymphoid tissue

70
Q

Which type of lymphoid tissue has larger collections in the lamina propria of mucous membranes?

A

Diffuse Lymphoid tissue

71
Q

Larger collections of diffuse lymphoid tissue can be found in the _____ ____ of mucous membranes

A

lamina propria

72
Q

______ ______: solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers

A

Lymphoid follicles

73
Q

What are lymphoid follicles?

A

Solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers

74
Q

Which type of lymphoid tissue contains germinal centers of proliferating B cells?

A

Lymphoid follicles

75
Q

Which type of lymphoid tissue may form part of larger lymphoid organs (nodes)?

A

Lymphoid follicles

76
Q

Which type of lymphoid tissue can have isolated aggregations of Payer’s patches and is found in the appendix?

A

Lymphoid follicles

77
Q

How many functional categories do lymphoid organs fall into?

A

Two

78
Q

_____ lymphoid organs: areas where T and B cells mature

A

Primary

79
Q

What are the two primary lymphoid organs where T and B cells mature?

A

Red bone marrow and Thymus

80
Q

Both T and B cells originate in bone marrow, but only ___ cells mature there. ___ cells mature in the thymus

A

B cells; T cells, thymus.

81
Q

_____ lymphoid organs: areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigen and become activated

A

secondary

82
Q

Red bone marrow and thymus fall under which functional lymphoid organ category?

A

Primary

83
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs include the _____, _____, MALT, and diffuse lymphoid tissues

A

Nodes, spleen, MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)

84
Q

____ ______ are the principal secondary lymphoid organs of the body

A

Lymph nodes

85
Q

How many nodes are found throughout the body?

A

Hundreds

86
Q

Where are most lymph nodes located?

A

Most are embedded deep in connective tissue in clusters along lymphatic vessels

87
Q

Where are some lymph nodes located?

A

Some are closer to the body surface in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions of the body where collecting vessels converge into trunks

88
Q

What are the two main functions of lymph nodes?

A

Cleansing the lymph and activating the immune system

89
Q

This function of the lymph nodes act as lymph “filters”

A

Cleansing the lymph

90
Q

Within this lymph node function, macrophages remove and destroy microorganism and debris that enter lymph

A

Cleansing the lymph

91
Q

Cleansing the lymph in the lymph nodes results in what?

A

Preventing unwanted substances from being delivered to blood

92
Q

What do macrophages do in lymph nodes?

A

Remove and destroy microorganisms and debris that enter lymph

93
Q

The lymph nodes offer a place for lymphocytes to become activated and mount an attack against antigens. This is described as which main function of lymph nodes?

A

Immune system activation

94
Q

How do lymph nodes work with lymphocytes concerning the immune system?

A

The lymph nodes offer a place for lymphocytes to become activated and mount an attack against antigens

95
Q

In the lymph nodes, what do lymphocytes do?

A

Activate and attack antigens

96
Q

are all lymph nodes the same size or do they vary in size and shape?

A

Vary, but most are bean shaped

97
Q

Small, less than 2.5cm (~1 inch) This describes what?

A

Avg. size of lymph node

98
Q

What are lymph nodes surrounded by?

A

An external fibrous capsule

99
Q

Capsule fibers surrounding lymph nodes extend inward as ______ that divide the node into compartments

A

Trabeculae

100
Q

What divides the lymph node into different compartments?

A

Trabeculae, which is the capsule fibers extended inward

101
Q

What are Buboes?

A

Inflamed, swollen, and tender lymph nodes that result when nodes are overwhelmed by what they are trying to destroy

102
Q

“inflamed, swollen, and tender lymph nodes that result when nodes are overwhelmed by what they are trying to destroy” What are they?

A

Buboes

103
Q

_____ ______ can become secondary cancer sites if metastasizing cancer cells become trapped in node

A

Lymph nodes

104
Q

Cancer-infiltrated lymph nodes are swollen but not usually painful. Why is this important in the medical field?

A

Helps distinguish cancerous nodes from those infected by microorganisms

Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE (18 decks)

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