Ch. 9: Motivation Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Ch. 9: Motivation Deck (40)
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1
Q

What is the motivation equation?

A
2
Q

What is motivation?

A

Psychological forces that determine the direction of a person’s behavior in an organization, a person’s level of effort, and a person’s level of persistence.

3
Q

What is intrinsically motivated behavior?

A

Behavior that is performed for its own sake.

4
Q

What is extrinsically motivated behavior?

A

Behavior that is performed to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment.

5
Q

What is prosocially motivated behavior?

A

Behavior that is performed to benefit or help others.

6
Q

What is outcome?

A

Anything a person gets from a job or organization.

7
Q

What is input?

A

Anything a person contributes to his or her job or organization.

8
Q

What is expentancy theory?

A

The theory that motivation will be high when workers believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and high performance leads to the attainment of desired outcomes.

9
Q

How do expectancy, instrumentality and valence interact?

A
10
Q

What is expectancy?

A

In expectancy theory, a perception about the extent to which effort results in a certain level of performance.

11
Q

What is instrumentality?

A

In expectancy theory, a perception about the extent to which performance results in the attainment of outcomes.

12
Q

What is valence?

A

In expectancy theory, how desirable each of the outcomes available from a job or organization is to a person.

13
Q

Describe expectancy theory.

A
14
Q

What is need?

A

A requirement or necessity for survival and well-being.

15
Q

What are need theories?

A

Theories of motivation that focus on what needs people are trying to satisfy at work and what outcomes will satisfy those needs.

16
Q

Describe Marslow’s hierachy of needs.

A

An arrangement of five basic needs that, according to Maslow, motivate behavior. Maslow proposed that the lowest level of unmet needs is the prime motivator and that only one level of needs is motivational at a time.

17
Q

What is Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene theory?

A

A need theory that distinguishes between motivator needs (related to the nature of the work itself) and hygiene needs (related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed) and proposes that motivator needs must be met for motivation and job satisfaction to be high.

18
Q

What is the need for achievement?

A

The extent to which an individual has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence.

19
Q

What is the need for affiliation?

A

The extent to which an individual is concerned about establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, being liked, and having the people around him or her get along with each other.

20
Q

What is the need for power?

A

The extent to which an individual desires to control or influence others.

21
Q

What is equity theory?

A

A theory of motivation that focuses on people’s perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to their work inputs.

22
Q

What is equity?

A

The justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled.

23
Q

What is equity theory?

A
24
Q

What is underpayment inequity?

A

The inequity that exists when a person perceives that his or her own outcome–input ratio is less than the ratio of a referent.

25
Q

What is overpayment inequity?

A

The inequity that exists when a person perceives that his or her own outcome–input ratio is greater than the ratio of a referent.

26
Q

What is goal-setting theory?

A

A theory that focuses on identifying the types of goals that are most effective in producing high levels of motivation and performance and explaining why goals have these effects.

27
Q

What are learning theories?

A

Theories that focus on increasing employee motivation and performance by linking the outcomes that employees receive to the performance of desired behaviors and the attainment of goals.

28
Q

What is learning?

A

A relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results from practice or experience.

29
Q

What is operant conditioning theory?

A

The theory that people learn to perform behaviors
that lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors that lead to undesired consequences.

30
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Giving people outcomes they desire when they perform organizationally functional behaviors.

31
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Eliminating or removing undesired outcomes when people perform organizationally functional behaviors.

32
Q

What is extinction?

A

Curtailing the performance of dysfunctional behaviors by eliminating whatever is reinforcing them.

33
Q

What is punishment?

A

Administering an undesired or negative consequence when dysfunctional behavior occurs.

34
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

A theory that takes into account how learning and motivation are influenced by people’s thoughts and beliefs and their observations of other people’s behavior.

35
Q

What is vicarious learning?

A

Learning that occurs when the learner becomes motivated to perform a behavior by watching another person performing it and being reinforced for doing so; also called observational learning.

36
Q

What is a self-reinforcer?

A

Any desired or attractive outcome or reward that a person gives to himself or herself for good performance.

37
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

A person’s belief about his or her ability to perform a behavior successfully.

38
Q

What is a merit pay plan?

A

A compensation plan that bases pay on performance.

39
Q

What is an employee stock option?

A

A financial instrument that entitles the bearer to buy shares of an organization’s stock at a certain price during a certain period or under certain conditions.

40
Q
A