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Flashcards in ch 8-9 continued Deck (49)
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1
Q

A graphic means of representing a categorical claim or categorical syllogism by assigning classes to overlapping circles is called a

A

Venn Diagram

2
Q

Venn diagrams exactly represent the ______.

A

four standard-form categorical claim types

3
Q

In Venn diagrams the circles represent what?

A

the classes named by the terms

4
Q

Colored areas in Venn diagrams represent what?

A

areas that are empty

5
Q

Areas containing X’s in Ven diagrams represent?

A

areas that are not empty-that contain at least one item

6
Q

An area in a Venn diagram that is blank is one that

A

the claim says nothing about; it may be occupied or empty

7
Q

A claim that INCLUDES one class or part of one class within another are _______.

A

Affirmative Claims

8
Q

A claim that EXCLUDES one class or part of one class from another are _______.

A

Negative Claims

9
Q

A- and I-Claims are examples of what claims

A

Affirmative

10
Q

E- and O-Claims are examples of what claims

A

Negative

11
Q

The main idea of ________ is to take an ordinary claim and turn it into a standard-form categorical claim that is exactly equivalent.

A

Translation into Standard-Form

12
Q

We’ll say that two claims are _______ ______ if and only if they would be true in all and exactly the same circumstances-that is under no circumstances could one of them be true and the other false.

A

Equivalent claims

basically they are saying the same things

13
Q

Every X is a Y translates to

A

A-Claim: All X’s are Y’s

14
Q

Minors are not eligible translates into

A

E-Claim: No minors are eligible people

15
Q

We translate: “ There were creatures weighing more than four tons that lived in North America” to

A

I-Claim: Some creatures that lived in North America are creatures that weighed more than four tons

16
Q

When looking at a claim you do two things first

A
  1. identify the terms
  2. identify whether its an A-E-I-O-Claim think carefully about what relation between classes is being expressed and then decide how that relation can be turned into standard form.
17
Q

identify the terms and what type of claim this is:

“Only sophomores are eligible candidates”

A

Terms: Sophomores and eligible candidates
A-Claim: but there are two possibilities
-All sophomores are eligible candidates
-All eligible candidates are sophomores<—–this best represents

18
Q

All claims that are “Only X’s are Y’s” should be translated as

A

All Y’s are X’s

19
Q

What word plays a crucial role in claims making us treat the claims differently

A

only

20
Q

With the claim, “The only people admitted are people over twenty-one” what is the subject class?

A

In this case a restriction is being put on the class of people admitted we’re saying that nobody else is admitted except those over 21. Therefore PEOPLE ADMITTED is the subject class

21
Q

The only people admitted are people over 21 is translated to

A

All people admitted are people over 21

22
Q

All claims of the sort, “The only X’s are Y’s” should be translated

A

All X’s are Y’s

23
Q

The word ONLY used by itself introduces the _____ ___ of an A-Claim

A

predicate term

24
Q

The phrase THE ONLY introduces _____ ___ of an A-Claim

A

subject term

25
Q

Only matinees are half-price shows translates to

A

All half-price shows are matinees

26
Q

Matinees are the only half-price shows translates to

A

All half-price shows are matinees

27
Q

“I always get nervous whenever I take a logic exam.” What is the claim

A

The claim is about times.

28
Q

I always get nervous whenever I take a logic exam translates to

A

All times I take logic exams are times I get nervous

29
Q

Whenever is a word that indicates

A

that you are talking about times or occasions as well as that you’ll have an A-or E-Claim

30
Q

Whenever can indicate times or occasions as well as ___

A

places

31
Q

“He makes trouble wherever he goes” translates to

A

All places he goes are places he makes trouble

32
Q

Categorical claims are always about ___ classes

A

two

33
Q

Why is “Aristotle is a logician” hard to translate into standard form?

A

Because this claim specifies logicians as a class and aristotle as part of that class but categorical claims are always about two classes and aristotle isn’t a class. (we certainly don’t talk about some of aristotle being a logician).

34
Q

Translate “Aristotle is a logician”

A

All people identical with Aristotle are logicians

35
Q

Claims about single individuals should be treated as ___-claims or ___-claims

A

A-Claims or E-Claims

36
Q

People aren’t the only things that crop up in individual claims. What else does

A

objects, occasions, places, and other kinds of things.

37
Q

Other claims that cause translation difficulty contain what are called ____ ___

A

mass nouns

38
Q

Boiled okra is too ugly to eat- can be translated to

A

All examples of boiled okra are things that are too ugly to eat

39
Q

If the claim “Socrates is Italian” is false, then, providing there is such a person as Socrates the claim “Socrates is not Italian” is

A

true

40
Q

A false A implies a true E and vice versa but only when

A

the claims are individual claims being treated as A- and E-Claims

41
Q

Translate: Every salamander is a lizard

A

A-claim: All salamanders are lizards

42
Q

Translate: Not every lizard is a salamander

A

O-claim: Some lizards are not salamanders

43
Q

Translate: Only reptiles can be lizards

A

A-Claim: All lizards are reptiles

44
Q

Translate: Snakes are the only members of the suborder Ophidia

A

A-Claim: All members of the suborder Ophidia are snakes

45
Q

Two categorical claims ___ to each other if they have the same subject term and the same predicate term

A

correspond

46
Q

A table of the logical relationships between two categorical claims that have the same subject and predicate terms.

A

square of opposition

47
Q

The A-and E-claims across the top of the square from each other can both be false, but they cannot both be true which makes them ___ claims

A

contrary claims

48
Q

The I- and O-claims across the bottom of the square from each other can both be true, but they cannot both be false which makes them ___ claims.

A

subcontrary claims

49
Q

The A-and O-claims and the E-and I-claims which are at opposite diagonal corners from each other are ___ ___ because they never have the same truth values.

A

contradictory claims