Ch 46 Urinary Elimination

Question 1

Pre-care urinary diagnostic tests-4

Answer 1

1. ensure signed consent is completed
2. assess for allergies and previous reactions to contrast agent
3. administer bowel-cleansing agents as ordered
4. Adhere to pre-test diet- clear liquids or NPO

Question 2

Post-care urinary diagnostic tests-3

Answer 2

1. Assess I&O
2. assess voiding and urine
3. encourage fluid intake

Question 3

urine assessment-5

Answer 3

1. color
2. clarity
3. presence of blood
4. dysuria
5. problems emptying

Question 4

urgency

Answer 4

• an immediate and strong desire to void that is not easily deferred
• Causes- full bladder, UTI, inflammation or irritation of the bladder, overactive bladder

Question 5

dysuria

Answer 5

• pain or discomfort associated with voiding

- causes- UTI, inflammation of protate, urethritis, trauma, tumors

Question 6

frequency

Answer 6

• voiding more than 8 times during waking hours and/or at decreased intervals such as less than every 2 hours
• causes- high volumes of fluid intake, bladder irritants, UTI, increased pressure on bladder, bladder outlet obstruction, overactive bladder

Question 7

hesitancy

Answer 7

• delay in start of urinary stream when voiding

- causes- anxiety, bladder outlet obstruction,

Question 8

polyuria

Answer 8

• voiding excessive amounts of urine

- causes- high volume of fluid intake, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, diuretic therapy

Question 9

oliguria

Answer 9

• diminished urinary output in relation to fluid intake
• causes- fluid and electrolyte imbalance (dehydration), kidney dysfunction or failure, increased secretion of ADH, urinary tract obstruction

Question 10

nocturia

Answer 10

• awakened from sleep because of the urge to void
• causes- excess intake of fluids, bladder outlet obstruction, overactive bladder, medications, cardiovascular disease, UTI

Question 11

dribbling

Answer 11

• leakage of small amounts of urine despite voluntary control of micturition
• causes- bladder outlet obstruction, incomplete bladder emptying, stress incontinence

Question 12

hematuria

Answer 12

• presence of blood in urine; gross and microscopic

- causes- tumors, infection, urinary tract calculi, trauma

Question 13

retention

Answer 13

• acute-suddenly unable to void when bladder is adequately full or overfull
• chronic- bladder does not empty completely during voiding and urine retained in bladder
• causes- bladder outlet obstruction, absent or weak bladder contractility, medication side effects

Question 14

urinalysis pH

Answer 14

4. 6-8.0
   - indicates acid-base balance
   - more acidic kills bacteria, voided urine becomes more alkaline w time

Question 15

urinalysis protein

Answer 15

up to 8mg/100mL

-normally not present, if present could indicate kidney failure

Question 16

urinalysis glucose

Answer 16

not normally present

-indicates diabetes

Question 17

urinalysis ketones

Answer 17

not normally present

-diabetes, dehydration, starvation, excess aspirin ingestion

Question 18

urinalysis blood

Answer 18

not normally present

-trauma or disease

Question 19

urinalysis specific gravity

Answer 19

1. 0053-1.030
   - high specific gravity reflects concentrated urine
   - low specific gravity reflects diluted urine

Question 20

upper UTI

Answer 20

kidney infection/ pyelonephritis

-fever, chills, diaphoresis, and flank pain

Question 21

lower UTI

Answer 21

bladder and urethra