Ch 26 Acid/Base Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Ch 26 Acid/Base Deck (46)
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1
Q

2/3 of all fluids reside inside the cell

A

Intracellular fluid

2
Q

Intracellular fluids major cation is

A

K+

3
Q

Intracellular fluids major anion is

A

low Na+, low Cl

4
Q

1/3 of all body fluids reside outside the cell. includes the subcompartments: plasma and intersitial fluid

A

Extracellular fluid

5
Q

Extracellular fluids major cation is

A

Na+

6
Q

Extracellular fluids major anion is

A

Cl-

7
Q

Water serves as the _____ _____ in which a variety of solutes are dissolved

A

Universal solvent

8
Q

Solutes may be classified broadly as:

A

electrolytes and nonelectrolytes

9
Q

Have bonds (usually covalent) the prevent them fom dissociating in solution. They are usually organic molecules - glucose, lipds, creatinine, and urea, for example

A

Nonelectrolytes

10
Q

Chemical compounds that DO dissociate into ions in water. Because ions are charged particles, they can conduct an electrical current. Includes inorganic salts, both inorganic and organic acids and bases, and some proteins

A

Electrolytes

11
Q

Electrolytes have much (lesser/greater) osmotic power than nonelectrolytes because each electrolyte molecule dissociates into at least 2 ions

A

Greater

12
Q

Water moves according to osmotic gradients - from an area of (lesser/greater) osmality to an area of (lesser/greater) osmality

A

Lesser, greater

13
Q

Exchanges between plama and interstitial fluid (IF) occur across

A

Capillary walls

14
Q

Exchanges between the IF and intracellular fluid (ICF) occur across

A

Plasma membranes

15
Q

ICF and ECF volumes are always changing because all the nutrients are being absorbed by blood. However, osmolalities remain _____

A

Equal

16
Q

Increasing the ECF solute causes osmotic and volume changes in the ICF. Conversely, decreasing ECF osmolality causes water to move into the cells. THUS:

A

ECF solute concentration (osmolality) determines ICF volume (H2O)

Osmolality ↑, H2O ↓

Osmolality ↓, H2O ↑

17
Q

The amount of water reabsorbed in the renal collecting ducts is proportional to

A

ADH release

18
Q

When ADH levels are low, water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed and simply flows through resulting in

A

Dilute urine and a reduced volume of body fluids

19
Q

When ADH levels are high nearly all filtered water is reabosrbed resulting in

A

A small volume of concentrated urine is excreted

20
Q

_____ of the hypothalamus sense the ECF solute concentration and trigger or inhibit ADH release from the posterior pituitary accordingly

A

Osmoreceptors

21
Q

Large changes in blood volume or blood pressure also influence secretion of this

A

ADH

22
Q

A (decrease/increase) in blood pressure increases ADH release both directly via baroreceptors and indirectly via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A

Decrease

23
Q

Na is (always/never) secreted from blood to filtrate

A

Never

24
Q

H2O (always/never) follows sodium

A

Always

25
Q

_____ affects all functional proteins and biochemical reactions

A

pH

26
Q

Normal pH of body fluids

A

Arterial blood: pH 7.4

Venous blood & IF fluid: pH 7.35

ICF: pH 7.0

27
Q

Less than pH 7

A

Acidic

28
Q

Greater than pH 7

A

Basic

29
Q

Alkalosis or alkalemia

A

arterial pH > 7.45

30
Q

Acidosis or acidemia

A

arterial pH < 7.35

31
Q

Most H+ is produced by

A

metabolism

32
Q

Concentration of hydrogen ions regulated sequentially by:

A

1- Chemical buffer systems: rapid, first line of defense

2- Brain stem respiratory centers: 1-3 min

3- Renal mechanisms: most potent, but requires hours to days to effect pH changes

33
Q

Acid & Base acceptor and changes it to its own pH

A

Buffer

34
Q

Chemical buffer systems:

A

1- Bicarbonate buffer system

2- Phosphate buffer system

3- Protein buffer system

35
Q

Bicarbonate buffer in the blood

A

H2O + CO2 ==> H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

H2CO3 ==> H+ + HCO3 (carbonate)

H2O + CO2 ⇔ H2CO3 ⇔ H+ + HCO3

36
Q

Bicarbonate buffer scenario:

↑ CO2 → More acidic (H+)

what does the body do to fix this?

A

Body ↑ HCO3 (carbonate) which combines w/ H+ to form H2CO3

37
Q

Bicarbonate buffer scenario:

↑ HCO3 → more basic

What does the body do to fix this?

A

Body ↑ H+ which combines w/ HCO3 to form H2CO3

38
Q

Hormone steroids:

A

Estrogen, Progesterone, and Glucocorticoids

39
Q

↑ NaCl reabsorption (like aldosterone), retains H2O

A

Estrogen

40
Q

Blocks aldosterone

A

Progesterone - pregnancy hormone

41
Q

Releases aldosterone

A

Glucocorticoids (Z.G.)

42
Q

If bp ↑, this inhibits SNS stimulation and dilates the afferent artery ==> ↑ GFR

A

Baroreceptors

43
Q

PCO2 below 35 mm Hg

A

Respiratory alkalosis

  • Common result of hyperventilation dues to stress/pain
  • CO2 is being eliminated faster than produced
44
Q

Low blood pH and HCO3

A

Metabolic acidosis

-Ingestion of too much alcohol

45
Q

Blood pH below 6.8 → depression of CNS → coma →…

A

Death

46
Q

Blood pH above 7.8 → excitation of nervous system → …

A

Muscle tetany, extreme nervousness, convulsions, death often from respiratory arrest