CH 2. Genetic and Environmental Foundations Flashcards Preview

ESU PSY 225 Life Span Development > CH 2. Genetic and Environmental Foundations > Flashcards

Flashcards in CH 2. Genetic and Environmental Foundations Deck (30)
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1
Q

Allele

A

2 forms of genes located at the same place on corresponding pairs of chromosomes

2
Q

Autosomes

A

The 22 matching pairs of chromosones in each human cell

3
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A

A field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to the diversity of human traits and abilities

4
Q

Carriers

A

Heterozygous individuals who can pass a recessive trait to their offspring

5
Q

Coparenting

A

Parents’ mutual support of eachothers parenting behaviors

6
Q

Dominant-Recessive Inheritence

A

A pattern of inheritance in which, under heterozygous conditions, only one allele, called dominant, affects the child’s characteristics. The second allele, which has no effect, is called recessive.

7
Q

Epigenesis

A

Development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment.

8
Q

Fraternal or Dizygotic Twins

A

Twins resulting from the release and fertilization of two ova. They are genetically no more alike than ordinary siblings.

9
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells Sperm/Ovum

10
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome containing instructions for making proteins that contribute to body growth and functioning.

11
Q

Gene-Enviroment Correlation

A

The idea that individuals’ genes influence the environments to which they are exposed.

12
Q

Gene-Enviroment Interaction

A

The view that because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment.

13
Q

Genetic Counseling

A

A communication process designed to help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals.

14
Q

Genomic Imprinting

A

A pattern of inheritance in which alleles are imprinted, or chemically marked, in such a way that one pair member is activated, regardless of its makeup.

15
Q

Genotype

A

An individuals genetic makeup

16
Q

Heritability Estimate

A

A statistic that measures the extent to which individual differences in complex traits, such as intelligence or personality, in a specific population are due to genetic factors.

17
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles at the same place on a pair of chromosomes.

18
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles at the same place on a pair of chromosomes.

19
Q

Identical or Monozygous Twin

A

Twins that result when a zygote that has started to duplicate separates into two clusters of cells with the same genetic makeup, which develop into two individuals.

20
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

A pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait, or one that is intermediate between the two.

21
Q

Kinship Studies

A

Studies that compare the characteristics of family members to determine the importance of heredity in complex human characteristics.

22
Q

Meiosis

A

The process of cell division through which gametes are formed, in which the number of chromosomes normally present in each cell is halved.

23
Q

Methylation

A

A biochemical process triggered by certain experiences, in which a set of chemical compounds (called a methyl group) lands on top of a gene and changes its impact, reducing or silencing its expression.

24
Q

Mutation

A

A sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA.

25
Q

Niche-Picking

A

A type of gene–environment correlation in which individuals actively choose environments that complement their heredity.

26
Q

Phenotype

A

An individual’s directly observable physical and behavioral characteristics, which are determined by both genetic and environmental factors.

27
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

A pattern of inheritance in which many genes influence a characteristic.

28
Q

Prenatal Diagnostic Methods

A

Medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth.

29
Q

Zygote

A

The newly fertilized cell formed by the union of sperm and ovum at conception.

30
Q

Regulator Genes

A

Genes that modify the instructions given by protein-coding genes, greatly complicating their genetic impact.