ch 16

Question 1

altruism

Answer 1

conferral of a benefit on other individuals at an apparent cost to the donor

Question 2

coefficient of relationship

Answer 2

proportion of genes that are identical by common descent between two individuals of a species

Question 3

cooperation

Answer 3

often used to mean activity that benefits both the actor and individuals

Question 4

cultural evolution

Answer 4

changes in the frequency of non-genetic cultural traits within and among populations, based on processes such as nonrandom imitation

Question 5

direct fitness

Answer 5

fitness of a gene or genotype as measured by its effect on the survival or reproduction of both the organisms bearing it

Question 6

genetic conflict

Answer 6

antagonistic fitness relationships between alleles, either at the same locus (intralocus conflict) or at different loci (interlocus conflict)

Question 7

hamilton’s rule

Answer 7

theoretical principle that an altruistic trait can increase if the benefit to recipients, multiplied by their relationship to the altruist, exceeds the fitness cost of the trait to the altruist

Question 8

horizontal transmission

Answer 8

movement of genes or symbionts (such as parasites) between individual organisms other than by transmission from parents to their offspring

Question 9

inclusive fitness

Answer 9

fitness of a gene or genotype as measured by its effect on the survival or reproduction of both the organisms bearing it and the genes, identical by descent, borne by the organism’s relatives

Question 10

indirect fitness

Answer 10

fitness of a gene or genotype as measured by its effect on the survival or reproduction of both the organisms bearing it and the genes, identical by descent, borne by the organism’s relatives

Question 11

kin selection

Answer 11

form o selection whereby alleles differ in their rate of propagation by influencing the impact of their bearers on the reproductive success of individuals (kin) who carry the same alleles by common descent

Question 12

mutualism

Answer 12

symbiotic relation in which each of two species benefits by their interaction

Question 13

parent-offspring conflict

Answer 13

condition in which a character stat that enhances fitness of offspring reduces the fitness of a parent

Question 14

reciprocity

Answer 14

cooperation based on reciprocal aid in a succession of encounters between individuals

Question 15

vertical transmission

Answer 15

movement of genes or symbionts (such as parasites) between individual organisms other than by transmission from parents to their offspring