Ch 12 - Endocrine Vocab Flashcards Preview

OTA 102 - Ch 12 Endocrine > Ch 12 - Endocrine Vocab > Flashcards

Flashcards in Ch 12 - Endocrine Vocab Deck (24)
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1
Q

homeostasis

A

state of dynamic equilibrium; hormones are acting together to keep body’s internal environment healthy

2
Q

hormones

A

secreted by organs to maintain homeostasis; usually work in pairs as a negative feedback system (one raises levels, one depletes); example: calcitonin vs. parathyroid hormone in regulating calcium in the blood

3
Q

endocrine glands

A

responsible for sexual maturation, and play a role in the body’s ability to metabolize food and store energy

4
Q

pituitary gland

A

small, pea-sized structure attached to lower surface of hypothalamus in the brain; “master gland” that controls all other glands of the body; it is controlled by the hypothalamus, though; divided into two lobes (anterior and posterior)

5
Q

anterior lobe

A

front lobe of pituitary that secretes:

  1. Growth Hormone (GH): promotes growth of body structures;
  2. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): affects growth/function of thyroid;
  3. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH): “gonadotropins” that act on the gonads (ovaries to produce ovum, and testes to produce sperm);
  4. Prolactin: acts on mammary glands to produce milk;
  5. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): acts on adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids like cortisol
6
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary; promotes growth of body structures

7
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary; affects growth/function of thyroid

8
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary; called “gonadotropins” that act on the gonads (ovaries to produce ovum, and testes to produce sperm)

9
Q

Prolactin

A

secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary; acts on mammary glands to produce milk

10
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary; acts on adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids like cortisol

11
Q

Name all Endocrine System Organs

A
  1. Pituitary Gland
  2. Parathyroid Glands
  3. Thyroid Gland
  4. Adrenal Glands
  5. Thymus
  6. Pancreas
  7. Testes/Ovaries
12
Q

posterior lobe

A

rear lobe of pituitary that secretes:

  1. Oxytocin: acts on uterus to promote contractions during labor and delivery;
  2. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): acts on kidneys to increase absorption of water
13
Q

pineal gland

A

or “pineal body”; pinecone-shaped and behind thalamus in brain; produces melatonin which regulates circadian rhythm

14
Q

Melatonin

A

hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates circadian rhythm, or sleep-wake cycle

15
Q

thyroid gland

A

one of the largest endocrine glands; highly vascular; requires iodine in the diet to function properly; produces:

  1. Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4), which are responsible for growth throughout childhood and regulating body metabolism;
  2. Calcitonin: regulates calcium and phosphorus in the blood
16
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Lie on posterior surface of thyroid within connective tissue; secrete:
1. Parathormone (PTH): also called parathyroid hormone; helps regulate calcium and phosphorus in the blood

17
Q

Adrenal glands

A

two triangular glands located on top of each kidney; outer layer is called Adrenal Cortex; inner part called Adrenal Medulla; secrete:

  1. Epinephrine: also called adrenaline; copes with stress/trauma; converts glucose for quick energy;
  2. Aldosterone: regulates and maintains water, sodium and electrolyte balance;
  3. Cortisol: natural steroid; decreases inflammation
  4. Androgens: secondary sexual characteristics
18
Q

Pancreas

A

long flat organ in upper left quadrant; active role in both digestive system and endocrine system; endocrine portion includes the pancreatic islets (“islets of Langerhans”); beta cells secrete insulin to metabolize carbohydrates into glucose and stimulate cells to take it into blood for energy; alpha cells secrete Glucagon to create glucose in the liver when needed

*Diabetes occurs when pancreatic hormones are not working cooperatively to maintain blood glucose levels.

19
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Blood glucose levels widely fluctuate, resulting in hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) or hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

20
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

when diabetes symptoms become so severe and blood glucose levels so high, lethargy progresses to loss of consciousness (DKA); “diabetic coma”; patient must be hospitalized for rehydration and insulin therapy

21
Q

Thymus gland

A

has two symmetrical lobes in the mediastinum (mid-chest); larger in infants/children and shrinks with age; produces T Lymphocytes for the immune system, which is less active as person ages

22
Q

Ovaries

A

reproductive gland of females; produce ovum during menstrual cycle; secretes:

  1. Estrogen: develops secondary sexual characteristics, plays role in menstrual cycle and in preventing osteoporosis;
  2. Progesterone: preps uterus for pregnancy and supports developing fetus
23
Q

Testes

A

reproductive gland of males; secrete:

1. Testosterone: secondary sexual characteristics; production of sperm

24
Q

Negative feedback system

A

Almost all endocrine glands work this way; hormones serve to oppose another substance in the body; counteracts increases/decreases of substance; like a thermostat reacting to regulate house temp.