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NBDE 1 > Ch. 10 - Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Ch. 10 - Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the right and left cerebral hemispheres connected by?

A

The corpus callosum

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2
Q

What are the 4 lobes per hemisphere of the brain?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal
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3
Q

What are the functions of the lobes?

A
  1. Frontal - control skilled motor behavior
  2. Parietal - interpret somatosensory input
  3. Occipital - interpret visual stimuli
  4. Temporal - interpret auditory input
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4
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus

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5
Q

Describe the thalamus.

A
  • Ovoid mass of gray matter
  • Ascending stimuli (all sensory except olfactory) is relayed through the thalamus to cerebral cortex
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6
Q

What part of the brain controls the homeostatic processes and is often associated with autonomic nervous system?

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

Describe the hypothalamus.

A
  • Collection of nerve cells
  • Lies subcortical (at base of cerebrum)
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8
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

A
  • Body temperature
  • Appetite
  • Water balance (Thirst)
  • Sexual activity
  • Sleep
  • Emotions
  • Pituitary secretions
  • Autonomic functions - GI & cardiac activity
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9
Q

What controlls the bodies heat regulation?

A

Posterior hypothalamus

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10
Q

What is the most potent mechanism for heat production, and what does it cause?

A

Shivering - causes fibrillation of muscle for heat production

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11
Q

What are the different ways of heat transer?

A
  • Heat transfer - emission of heat in form of infrared rays
  • Conduction - flow of heat energy from warmer to cooler environment (down gradient)
  • Convection - movement of heat by currents in the medium (ex wind)
  • Evaporation - conversion of a liquid into vapor (respiratory, skin, sweating)
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12
Q

What does the Limbic system consist of?

A

The hippocampus & amygdala

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13
Q

Where is the limbic system located?

A

Deep in the temporal lobe - primitive brain area

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14
Q

What basic drives does the limbic system initiate?

A
  • Hunger
  • Aggression
  • Emotional feelings
  • Sexual arousal
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15
Q

What part of the brain functions in learning and memory?

A

Hippocampus

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16
Q

What part of the limbic system is the center of emotions?

A

Amygdala

(Communicated with the autonomic system)

Oxytocin and ADH receptors

17
Q

What is located deep to the cerebral cortex and controls complex patterns of voluntary motor behavior (inhibitory)?

A

Basal Ganglia

18
Q

What does the Basal Ganglia include?

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Putamen
  • Globus pallidus
  • Substantia nigra
  • Subthalamic nucleus
19
Q

Where does the cerebellum lie?

A

Posteroinferior to cerebrum, superposterior to brain stem

20
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Excitatory functions

  • Maintains muscle tone
  • Coordinates muscle movement
  • Controls balance
21
Q

How does the output of the cerebellum relate to the output of the basal ganglia?

A

Cerebellum - excitatory

Basal ganglia - inhibitory

22
Q

What is the motor pathway?

A
  • Motor cortex (precentral gyrus) –>
  • Upper motor neuron –>
  • Internal capsule –>
  • Corticospinal tract –>
  • (Cerebral peduncles - midbrain) –>
  • (Pyramids - medulla - fibers cross) –>
  • Ventral horn (spinal cord) –>
  • Lower motor neuron –>
  • Muscle
23
Q

What lies immediately inferior to the cerebrum and just anterior to the cerebellum?

A

The Brain Stem

24
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

25
Q

What nuclei are located in the midbrain (mesencephalon)?

A

CN III, IV

along with substantia nigra

26
Q

What cranial nerve nuclei are found in the Pons?

A
  • V
  • VI
  • VII
  • VIII

5,6,7,8

27
Q

What is the most inferior segment of the vertebrate brain?

A

Medulla Oblongata

28
Q

What important regulatory centers does the medulla oblongata contain?

A
  • Area postrema - vomiting
  • Swallowing
  • Cardiac
  • Vasomotor
  • Respiratory
29
Q

What cranial nerve nuclei are found in the medulla oblongata?

A

CN: 9,10,11,12

  • IX
  • X
  • XI
  • XII
30
Q
A
31
Q

What are the subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?

A
  • Somatic Nervous System
  • Autonomic Nervous System
    • Sympathetic
    • Parasympathetic
32
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves and spinal nerves are there in the somatic nervous system?

A
  • 12 pairs of ranial nerves
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves
33
Q

What is a key difference with the synapses of Motor vs Sensory?

A
  • Motor
    • No synapse in peripheral region
    • Uses 1 efferent neuron from the CNS to end-organ (LMN)
  • Sensory
    • Synapse within dorsal root ganglion (peripheral) prior to CNS
34
Q

Parasympathetic postganlgionic neurons are _________ where sympathetic postganglionic neurons are largely _________.

A
  1. Cholinergic
  2. Adrenergic
35
Q

What is the basic anatomic pathway of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Preganglionic neuron (within CNS)
  • Ganglion (cell bodies of postganglionic neurons, outside the CNS)
  • Postganglionic neuron (outside CNS)
  • Effector organ
36
Q
A

NBDE 1 (17 decks)

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