Ch. 1 - Intro Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Ch. 1 - Intro Deck (41)
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1
Q

What is behaviour according to Skinner?

A

Anything a person or other animal does that can be measured.

2
Q

What are three examples of overt behaviour?

A

Actions, absence of actions, and physiological reactions.

3
Q

What is an example of a covert behaviour?

A

Thoughts and feelings.

4
Q

What did Skinner acknowledge about thoughts and feelings?

A

That people were accurate when it came to self-reporting their emotions.

5
Q

According to the text, what are three characteristics that define behaviour?

A

Behaviour involves a person’s actions (what people do or say); it is described with action verbs; behaviour is not a static characteristic of the person.

6
Q

What is an example of the distinction between emotions and behaviour?

A

Being angry is not a behaviour, but screaming at her mother and slamming the door is a description of a behaviour that is labelled as anger.

7
Q

What are the four dimensions of behaviour that can be measured?

A

Frequency, duration, intensity, and latency.

8
Q

According to the text, what are two characteristics of behaviour?

A

Behaviours have an impact on the environment, both physical and social; and behaviour is lawful.

9
Q

What is meant by lawful behaviour?

A

The behaviour’s occurrence is systematically influenced by environmental events.

10
Q

What is an overt behaviour?

A

An overt behaviour is an action that can be observed and recorded by a person other than the one engaging in the behaviour

11
Q

What is a covert behaviour?

A

A behaviour that is not directly observable by others.

12
Q

What is learning?

A

An enduring change in the mechanisms of behaviour involving specific stimuli and/or responses that results from prior experience with those or similar stimuli and responses.

13
Q

What are the two aspects of behaviour modification?

A

Analyzing and modifying.

14
Q

What does analyzing in behaviour modification involve?

A

Identifying the functional relationship between environmental events and a particular behaviour to understand the reasons for behaviour or to determine why a person behaved as he or she did.

15
Q

What does modifying in behaviour modification involve?

A

Developing and implementing procedures to help people change their behaviour.

16
Q

Who develops behaviour modification procedures? How are they used?

A

Behaviour modification procedures are developed by professionals and used to change social significant behaviours, with the goal of improving some of a person’s life.

17
Q

What is the behaviour modification term for the behaviour that is being modified?

A

The target behaviour.

18
Q

What is a behavioural deficit?

A

A desirable target behaviour that the person wants to increase in frequency, duration, or intensity (ex. exercising, studying).

19
Q

What is a behavioural excess?

A

An undesirable target behaviour the person wants to decrease in frequency, duration, or intensity (ex. smoking).

20
Q

What does behaviour modification emphasize?

A

Current environmental events that are functionally related to behaviour.

21
Q

What does behaviour modification de-emphasize?

A

Past events as causes of behaviour.

22
Q

What often confuses people when it comes to learning?

A

People confuse learning with changes in performance.

23
Q

Other than learning, what can changes in performance be attributed to?

A

Bodily state, the environment, fatigue, and maturation.

24
Q

Why do organisms learn?

A

It’s about adaptive significance. The environmental changes outpace evolution, so organisms must adapt within their lives.

25
Q

What is classical (Pavlovian) conditioning?

A

Where relations between events become predictive. Unlearned behaviours are associated with previously neutral stimuli.

26
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Behaviour is controlled by the consequences. Involves positive/negative punishments and reinforcements.

27
Q

What key idea was studied by Ivan Pavlov?

A

Nervism.

28
Q

What is nervism?

A

All key physiological functions are controlled by the nervous system.

29
Q

What did Ivan Pavlov study behaviour for?

A

To understand the nervous system.

30
Q

What is Edward Thorndike credited with?

A

The Law of Effect.

31
Q

What does the Law of Effect state?

A

Something that leads to a pleasant circumstance is more likely to reoccur in the future, something that leads to an unpleasant circumstance is less likely in the future.

32
Q

What experimental process is Thorndike associated with?

A

Cats pushing a lever to get out of a box.

33
Q

Who started the field of behaviourism?

A

John B. Watson

34
Q

Which psychologist is responsible for the Little Albert experiment?

A

John Watson, he was kind of an asshat.

35
Q

What shift in psychology did Watson begin?

A

From introspection and speculation to scientific methods and a study of behaviour.

36
Q

Who is credited with distinguishing operant conditioning?

A

B.F. Skinner

37
Q

What are the three basic steps to changing behaviour?

A

Measure a baseline, add an intervention, and measure the treatment effect over time.

38
Q

What is Occam’s Razor?

A

The simplest explanation is usually best.

39
Q

What is the central idea of the natural science approach?

A

All natural phenomena have causes, and causes always precede effects.

40
Q

What are the 5 reasons for why animals are used in research?

A

Controlled subjects and a lab setting; neurobiological bases of learning; no language; no demand bias; and to study animals.

41
Q

What are the 3 Rs of animal experiment ethics?

A

Replace, reduce, and refine.