Ch. 1

Question 0

Colloquial term for members of the evolutionary group that includes modern humans and now-extinct bipedal relatives.

Answer 0

Hominins

Question 1

A large flat grassland with scattered trees and shrubs. ________ are found in many regions of the world with dry and warm-to-hot climates.

Answer 1

Savanna

Question 2

A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Members of one _______ are reproductively isolated from members of all other _______ (i.e., they cannot mate with them to produce fertile offspring.)

Answer 2

Species

Question 3

On two feet; walking habitually on two legs.

Answer 3

Bipedally

Question 4

The field of inquiry that studies human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology; includes cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, and physical, or biological, anthropology.

Answer 4

Anthropology

Question 5

Members of the mammalian order ________, which includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans.

Answer 5

Primates

Question 6

A change in the genetic structure of a population. The term is also frequency used to reference to the appearance of a new species.

Answer 6

Evolution

Question 7

An anatomical, physiological, or behavioral response of organisms or populations to the environment. ___________ result from evolutionary change (specifically as a result of natural selection).

Answer 7

Adaptation

Question 8

Having to do with the study of gene structure and action and the patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring. _______ mechanisms are the foundation of evolutionary change.

Answer 8

Genetic

Question 9

Anything organisms do that involves action in response to internal or external stimuli; the response of an individual, group, or species to its environment. Such responses may or may not be deliberate, and they aren’t necessarily the result of conscious decision making (which is absent in single-celled organisms, insects, and many other species).

Answer 9

Behavior

Question 10

A set of relationships in which all components fall along a single integrated spectrum (for example, color). All life reflects a single biological _________.

Answer 10

Continuum

Question 11

Behavioral aspects of human adaptation, including technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage patterns, and social roles. _______ is a set of learned behaviors transmitted from one generation to the next by nonbiological (i.e., nongenetic) means.

Answer 11

Culture

Question 12

General culture orientation or perspective shared by the members of a society.

Answer 12

Worldview

Question 13

The mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture; the concept that biology (anatomy, neurological attributes, etc.) makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution; this is a basic concept in understanding the unique components of human evolution.

Answer 13

Biocultural evolution

Question 14

The practical application of anthropological and archaeological theories and techniques. For example, many biological anthropologists work in the public health sector.

Answer 14

Applied anthropology

Question 15

Detailed descriptive studies of human societies. In cultural anthropology, an ___________ is traditionally the study of a non- Western society.

Answer 15

Ethnography

Question 16

Objects or materials made or modified for use by hominins. The earliest _________ are usually tools made of stone or occasionally bone.

Answer 16

Artifacts

Question 17

The interdisciplinary approach to the study of earlier hominins- their chronology, physical structure, archaeological remains, habitats, and so on.

Answer 17

Paleoanthropology

Question 18

The study of fossil primates, especially those that lived before the appearance of hominins.

Answer 18

Primate paleontology

Question 19

The double- stranded molecule that contains the genetic code. ___ is a main component of chromosomes.

Answer 19

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 20

The study of skeletal material. Human _________ focuses on the interpretation of skeletal remains from archaeological sites, skeletal anatomy, bone physiology, and growth and development. Some of the same techniques are used in paleoanthropology to study early hominins.

Answer 20

Osteology

Question 21

The study of skeletal remains from archaeological sites.

Answer 21

Bioarchaeology

Question 22

The branch of osteology that studies the evidence of disease and injury in human skeletal (or, occasionally, mummified) remains from archaeological sites.

Answer 22

Paleopathology

Question 23

An applied anthropological approach dealing with legal matters. ________ _______________ work with coroners and others in identifying and analyzing human remains.

Answer 23

Forensic anthropology

Question 24

The study of the biology and behavior of nonhuman primates (lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes.

Answer 24

Primatology

Question 25

A body of knowledge gained through observation and experimentation.

Answer 25

Science, from the Latin scientia, meaning “knowledge.”

Question 26

A provisional explanation of a phenomenon. __________ require verification or falsification through testing.

Answer 26

Hypotheses (singular: hypothesis)

Question 27

Relying on experiment or observation.

Answer 27

Empirical, from the Latin empiricus, meaning “experienced.”

Question 28

An approach to research whereby a problem is identified, a hypothesis (provisional explanation) is stated, and that hypothesis is tested by collecting and analyzing data.

Answer 28

Scientific method

Question 29

Facts from which conclusions can be drawn; scientific information.

Answer 29

Data, (singular: datum)

Question 30

Pertaining to measurements of quantity and including such properties as size, number, and capacity. When data are quantified, they’re, expressed numerically and can be tested statistically.

Answer 30

Quantitatively

Question 31

A broad statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles that has been substantially verified through the testing of hypotheses.

Answer 31

Theory

Question 32

The precise repetition of an experiment or expansion of observed data to provide verification; the procedure by which hypotheses and theories are verified, modified, or discarded.

Answer 32

Scientific testing

Question 33

Using all four limbs to support the body during locomotion; the basic mammalian (and primate) form of locomotion.

Answer 33

Quadrupedal

Question 34

Viewing other cultures from the inherently biased perspective of one’s own culture. _____________ often causes other cultures to be seen as inferior to one’s own.

Answer 34

Ethnocentrism

Question 35

Viewing entities as they relate to something else. Cultural __________ is the view that cultures have merits within their own historical and environmental contexts.

Answer 35

Relativism