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Flashcards in Cells And Tissues Deck (37)
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1
Q

What are the 4 types of cell

A
  1. Epithelial cell
  2. Muscle cell
  3. Nerve cell
  4. Connective tissue cell
2
Q

What is a cell

A

Cells are the bodies smallest functional units

3
Q

What are the 4 types of body tissue and there function

A

Epithelial tissue ex skin- products underlying structures, spectres and absorbs
Connective tissue- provides structural support, protection, transportation and insulation e.g blood
Muscle tissue- has the ability to contract and relax providing movement three types are skeletal, smooth and cardiac
Nervous tissue- they receive conduct and transport information

4
Q

Osmosis?

A

This is the movement of water from an area of high concentration
To an area of low concentration
Across a partially permeable membrane
Down a concentration gradient

5
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does the nucleus contain?

A

23 pairs

Or 46 individual chromosomes

6
Q

What are the 8 different types of cell?

A

1) Hepatocyte
2) Blood (leukocyte, and erythrocyte)
3) Bone (osteoclasts and osteoclasts)
4) Muscle (myocytes or myoblasts)
5) Connective tissue (fibroblasts)
6) Renal (nephron)
7) Nervous (neurone)
8) Epithelial

7
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

A single round structure containing genetic material in the form of DNA
The nucleus has double membrane (AKA nuclear envelope) that helps enclose the DNA

8
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

This is a jelly like substance surrounding the nucleus.

It holds all of the other cell components outside of the nucleus.

9
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

These are organelles that take in nutrients and break them down creating energy rich molecules for the cell. This process is known as ATP
Cellular respiration also occurs here.

10
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

These are found in the cytoplasm and in the endoplasmic reticulum
There role is to make proteins.
The nucleus tells the ribosomes to make required proteins.

11
Q

What is a cell membrane?

A
  • This is a semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of the cell
  • It separates and insulate an internal form from the external environment.
  • It allows materials to be transported into and out of the cell
  • It allows the cell to communicate with other cells via: pores, electrical gated channels, and carrier proteins
12
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

These are organelles that have an acidic interior which breaks down food.

13
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum?

A

This is a transport network within the cell for molecules targeted for modifications of proteins and the syntheses of lipids.

14
Q

What is a Golgi Complex?

A

This is continually formed by the Endoplasmic Reticulum at one end and then buds off at the Golgi Vesicle at the other end.
Function: is to process proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and transport them to other parts of the cell.

15
Q

What are Golgi bodies?

A

These are membrane enclosed organelles which contain digestive enzymes to digest food toxins.

16
Q

What are the two types of cell receptor?

A

1) Ion channel linked - Rapid synaptic signalling between electrically excited cells
2) Enzyme linked - Receptors for certain protein hormones. They are activated on intracellular demand with enzyme activity.

17
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A
  • Provide for intracellular and intercellular communication
  • Transports material into and out of the cell
  • Helps maintain electrical activities that power cell function.
18
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

1) Mitosis - occurs in stomatitis cells

2) meiosis - occurs in gamete producing cells

19
Q

What happens in mitosis?

A

The cell divides preciously copied DNA and cytoplasm to make 2 new identical daughter cells

20
Q

What are the the stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1- Cellular contents excluding chromosomes are duplicated.
S phase - The 46 chromosomes are duplicated in the cell
G2 - The cell double checks the chromosomes for error and makes any needed repairs.
Mitosis
Cytokinesis- The cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells.

21
Q

What are the stages/process of mitosis?

A

Prophase- Chromatins are replicated and are paired with its copy in a double chromosome unit joined to each other at the centromere.
Metaphase- The chromatids align in the centre of the spindle attached to their centromeres
Anaphase- The centromeres separate at the and one of each pair of sister chromatids (Now called chromosomes) move to the each end of the spindle.
Telophase- The mitotic spindle disappears the chromosomes uncoil and the new nuclear envelope forms.
Cytokinesis- The chromosomes completely detach from one another forming a new cell membrane

22
Q

What are centrioles?

A

These sew clusters of micro tumbles which are large proteins that give the cell mechanical support.
They also provide the guidance tracking for internal movement of things such as organelles and chromosomes during cell division.

23
Q

What are the two phases of metabolism?

A

1) Catabolism

2) Anabolism

24
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

This is the break down of complex molecules into simpler ones this requires energy

25
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

This process occurs where more complex molecules are formed from simpler ones in a constructive process.

26
Q

What are the 6 types of movement of substances across a membrane?

A

1) Passive Movement -influenced by chemical or electrical gradients doesn’t require energy
2) Diffusion- Molecules in a solution become widely dispersed and reach uniform concentration
3) Osmosis- Water moves through a semipermeable membrane along a concentration gradient from high to low concentration.
4) Active transport- Involves an expenditure of energy
5) Primary active transport- the source of energy is used directly in the transport of a substance
6) Secondary active transport- Mechanisms use energy derived from the primary active transport of one substance for the co- transport of a second substance.

27
Q

What is the extra cellular matrix?

A

These are a variety of proteins and polysaccharides
Function
They are secreted locally and organised into a supporting structure/mesh work in close association with cells that produced them.
The amount and variety off matrix vary with different tissues and their function.

28
Q

What does MRS GREN stand for?

A
M = Movement 
R = Reproduction
S = Sensitive 
G =Growth 
R = Respiration 
N = Nutrition
29
Q

What does muscle tissue contain?

A

Contains Actin and Myosin Filaments

30
Q

When muscular tissue contracts what does it provide?

A
  • locomotion and movement of skeletal structures
  • Pumps blood through your heart
    Contraction of blood vessels and visceral organs
31
Q

How are epithelial cells classified ?

A
Classified according to the number of layers they present 
-Simple
-Stratified 
-Pseudostratified 
Classified according to their shape
-Squamous 
-Cuboidal
-Columnar
32
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of cells and they are structures made of nuclei acid and protein.

They carry genetic information in the form of genes.

33
Q

What is a gene?

A

Genes make up chromosomes.
Genes contain DNA
The DNA that genes hold carry hereditary information necessary for the synthesis of all proteins in the body.

34
Q

What happens meiosis?

A

Is the process where a single cell divides twice producing four cells containing half the amount of original genetic information.(single set of unpaired chromosomes)
These are our gamete cells
Sperm in men
Eggs in women

35
Q

What happens in the fist stage of meiotic division?

A

Replication occurs before this process so each chromosome is now 4 chromatids (Newly copied). They then exchange genes in a process called crossing over. This results in the 4 chromatids to have different gene combinations
The pairs of chromosomes then separate in prep for the first meiotic division.
The transfer of maternal and paternal chromosomes to either daughter cell is random.
This explains why a child can inherit a combination of the mother and fathers characteristics.
Each pair of chromosomes separates and travels to each end of the cell guided by a spindle. This is similar to mitosis however the two daughter cells produced in the first stage of meiotic division are genetically unique not identical

36
Q

What happens in the second stage of meiotic division?

A
For a gamete cell to be produced the amount of genetic material in the two daughter cells needs to be halved. 
The centromere (this links a pair of two sister chromatids)splits up and the 2 sister chromatids travel to opposite ends of the cell the cell then divides forming 4 haploid daughter cells.
If another gamete joins with this one a zygote (fertilised ovum)is produced which is a diploid cell that can grow and develop into a human via the process of mitosis.
37
Q

What is diffusion?

A

This is the movement of a substance from an area of high to low concentration until they reach a uniform concentration.
Diffusion happens in liquids and gasses because their particles move randomly from place to place