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AS Biology > Cell Structure and Organisation > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

How is the nucleus structured?

A

Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope).
Has nuclear pores to allow movement of mRNA and nucleotides out.
Contains nucleoplasm.
Nucleolus- rRNA is produced.

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2
Q

What can be found in the nucleoplasm ?

A

Chromatin- loosely coiled chromosomes of DNA + histone protein.

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3
Q

What is formed by the outer nuclear membrane?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

What is the function of mitochondria (s. Mitochondrion)?

A

Aerobic respiration occurs to produce ATP.

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5
Q

Where are many mitochondria found?

A

Muscle tissue for contraction and liver tissue which is metabolically active

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6
Q

Structure of a mitochondrion-

A

Cristae- double membrane sac with highly folded inner membrane, increasing surface are.
Matrix-liquid containing enzymes for aerobic respiration
Ribosomes
Circular DNA- self replicating

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7
Q

What are the two forms of endoplasmic reticulum and what are their functions?

A

Smooth- synthesises lipids

Rough- ribosomes are attached that synthesise proteins

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8
Q

What is the structure of ER?

A

Consists of flattened sacs called cisternae which extend into cytoplasm and can link with the golgi body

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9
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It contains the cell’s DNA which provides the code for protein synthesis. mRNA leaves via the nuclear pores carrying the code.

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10
Q

How are ribosomes structured?

A

Very small not membrane-bound
Composed of 2 sub-units, large and small.
Come together around mRNA strand which fits into a groove

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11
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

Protein and rRNA

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12
Q

Where can ribosomes be found?

A

On RER or free in cytoplasm (called polysomes)

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13
Q

What is ribosomes’ function?

A

Protein synthesis

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14
Q

What is the golgi body (apparatus)?

A

A crescent shaped stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae.

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15
Q

What are the functions of the golgi body?

A

Chemically modifies proteins to form glycoproteins.

Stores and transports glycoproteins and lipids

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16
Q

What is the first part of the golgi body process for glycoproteins?

A

Vesticles containing proteins formed by RER fuse at one end of golgi sacs (forming face)

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17
Q

What are the second and third parts of the golgi body process for glycoproteins?

A
  1. The protein is modified inside the cisternae.

3. Modified protein is budded off in a vesticle at other end of cisternae (maturing face)

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18
Q

What is the final part of the golgi body process for glycoproteins?

A

The vesticle containing modified protein travels to cell’s outer plasma membrane where the protein is released via exocytosis

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19
Q

What is the structure of plasma membrane?

A

Formed of a phospholipid bilayer with intrinsic and extrinsic proteins and other molecules embedded into it

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20
Q

What are the 3 properties/functions of plasma membranes?

A
  • Selectively permeable so controls substances going in and out.
  • Maintains concentration difference of molecules on either side of the membrane.
  • allows cell identification and adhesion
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21
Q

Which two organelles can only be found in animal cells?

A

Lysosomes and centrioles

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22
Q

Which 3 organelles can only be found in plants?

A

Chloroplasts, Vacuole with tonoplasts and Cellulose Cell Wall

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23
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Small vacuoles surrounded by a membrane formed by pieces of golgi apparatus pinched off the end.

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24
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Break down worn out organelles and digest material taken in via phagocytosis

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25
Q

What type of enzymes are within a lysosome?

A

Protein digesting

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26
Q

What is the action of the lysosomes?

A

Material taken into cell by endocytosis and trapped in vacuole.
Lysosomes fuse with vacuole membrane and release digestive enzymes, breaking down the material.

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27
Q

What is the structure of centrioles?

A

Microtubules, lying at right angles to each other

28
Q

Where are centrioles located?

A

Centrosome just outside nucleus

29
Q

What is the fuction of centrioles?

A

Formation of spindle fibres during cell division

30
Q

What is the function of a plant cell’s vacuole with a tonoplast?

A

Water and sap storage

Support

31
Q

Look at picture of chloroplast and cover up parts

A

Do it.

32
Q

What are a chloroplast’s functions?

A

Photosynthesis site
Traps light energy and uses it to produces carbohydrates from CO2 and H20
May also store starch and lipid

33
Q

How is a cellulose cell wall structured?

A

Composed of cellulose microfibrils
Totally permeable TO WATER
Has many plasmodesmata

34
Q

What are plasmodesmata and what are they for?

A

Pores that allow cytoplasm of adjacent cells to connect enabling substances to pass between cells

35
Q

What is the function of cellulose cell walls?

A

Stops cell bursting in dilute solution i.e. prevents osmotic lysis.
Provides mechanical strength and support.

36
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells together carrying out the same function.

37
Q

How are epithelial tissue structured?

A

Continuous layer lining internal/external body surfaces
No blood vessels but may have nerve endings
Sit on basement membrane

38
Q

What is are the key properties of cuboidal epithelium?

A

Simplest form, cube shape and one cell thick

39
Q

Where is cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Kidney tubules and liver

40
Q

What are the key properties of columnar epithelium?

A

Elongated

Those that line tubes that substances move through will have more cilia

41
Q

Where can columnar epithelium be found?

A

Oviduct

Trachea

42
Q

How is squamous cell epithelium shaped and where are they found?

A

Flattened cells on basement membrane

Walls of alveoli

43
Q

What are the three epithelial tissues?

A

Cuboidal
Columnar
Squamous Cell

44
Q

What do microvilli do when on epithelial tissue?

A

Increase cell membrane surface area for absorption e.g. Small intestine

45
Q

What are the functions for epithelium tissues that have:-
Mitochondria-
Enzymes-
Cilia-

A

ATP for active transport e.g. Ileum
For digestion (small intestine)
Cilia to trap and move particles e.g. respiratory traction

46
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

Image size divided by object size

47
Q

How do you calculate conversion factor?

A

Stage micrometer units divided by eyepiece units x 10

48
Q

What are the three muscle tissue types?

A

Striated/skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

49
Q

What are the four properties of striated/skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Strong
Quick
Discontinuous
Voluntary

50
Q

What are the four properties of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Strong
Quick
Continuous
Involuntary

51
Q

What are the three properties of smooth muscle tissue?

A

Weak
Slow
Involutary

52
Q

What is the purpose/location of striated/skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Connected to skeleton for movement

53
Q

What is the purpose/location of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Heart muscle

54
Q

What is the purpose/location of smooth muscle tissue?

A

Non skeletal muscle like diaphragm

55
Q

What 3 things make up connective tissue?

A

Elastin fibre
Fibroblasts
Collagen fibre

56
Q

What is the example of connective tissue?

A

Collagen (secondary fibrous protein)

57
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Provide structured framework for many tissues

-most common cells of connective tissue in animals

58
Q

What are organs?

A

A group several tissues joining to carry out a particular function for the whole organism

59
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Gel-like substance that contains cell’s organelles

60
Q

Whst is the structure found in all prokaryotes but not eukaryotes?

A

Mesosome- increases surface area

61
Q

What four structures are only found in bacterium?

A

Plasmid
Pilus
Flagellum
Capsule

62
Q

What makes up viruses?

A

DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein coat (matrix). Contain no cytoplasm.

63
Q

What are the two DNA differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotic has no organised nucleus with DNA free in cytoplasm and DNA circular whereas eukaryotic are bound by nuclear membrane and are linear strands (chromosomes)

64
Q

What are the two cell wall differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotic has a protective slime capsule and is made of murein, eukaryotic has none and a cellulose cell wall

65
Q

What are the two internal and external size differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotic have smaller ribosomes (70s) and smaller over all size (10um) compared to 80s and 100um

66
Q

What is the site of respiration between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes’ is foldings of cell membrane called mesosomes whereas eukaryotic’s is mitochondria

67
Q

What does prokaryotic not contain?

A

Membrane bound organelles

AS Biology (14 decks)

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