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Physiology > Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Most abundant component of the protoplasm.

A

Water (70-80%); (Other components: proteins (10-20%), lipids (1-2%), ions, carbohydrates)

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2
Q

Contains DNA, Histones & Chromosomes; has nucleolus.

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

Powerhouse of the cell.

A

Mitochondria

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4
Q

Involved in detoxification, lipid synthesis, lipid-soluble substances –> water-soluble substances

A

Agranular/Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

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5
Q

For synthesis of proteins bound for cell membrane, lysosomes, outside of the cell

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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6
Q

For synthesis of proteins bound for cytoplasm and mitochondria

A

Free-floating ribosomes

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7
Q

Reason for the negative charge of DNA

A

Phosphate

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8
Q

Reason for the positive charge of histones

A

Lysine and Arginine

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9
Q

For packaging, molecular tagging, and synthesis of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate

A

Golgi apparatus

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10
Q

Contains proenzymes, neurotransmitters, and replenishes cell membrane components

A

Secretory vesicles

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11
Q

For regression of tissues and autolysis; suicide bags of the cells; destroys FBs

A

Lysosomes

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12
Q

Degrades membrane-associated proteins; not membrane-bound

A

Proteasomes

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13
Q

Contains oxidases, catalases; for detoxification

A

Peroxisomes

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14
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Site of transcriptin and processing of rRNA

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15
Q

What is unique about the mitochondria?

A

Contains mitochondrial DNA that is maternally-derived and does not follow the genetic code

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16
Q

Mitochondria-exclusive pathways.

A

Beta oxidation, Kreb’s Cycle

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17
Q

The RER and SER is abundant in which organ?

A

Liver

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18
Q

What are the subunits of the ribosomes?

A

Prokaryotes: 30s, 50s; Eukaryotes: 40s, 60s

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19
Q

Specialized SER in the skeletal muscle

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

Specialized SER in the neuron

A

Nissl substance

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21
Q

Only substance modified int he RER and not the Golgi apparatus

A

Collagen

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22
Q

What is added to lysosome-bound proteins by the Golgi apparatus?

A

Mannose-6-phosphate

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23
Q

Lysosomes and peroxisomes come from which organells?

A

Lysosome: Golgi Apparatus; Peroxisome: SER

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24
Q

Wear-and-tear pigment that accumulates in lysosomes

A

Lipofuschin

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25
Q

Microtubules: motor protein causing transport of substances from center of the cell to the periphery (anterograde axonal transport)

A

Kinesin

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26
Q

Microtubules: motor protein causing transport of substances from periphery of the cell to the center (retrograde axonal transport)

A

Dynein

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27
Q

Microtubules are derived from what?

A

Tubulin dimers

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28
Q

Disease with Dynein missing in cilia and flagella

A

Kartagener’s syndrome: situs inversus, bronchiectasis, infertility

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29
Q

What is the explanation for the situs inversus in Kartagener’s syndrome?

A

Defective primary cilia (directs the organs to their proper locations during embryogenesis)

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30
Q

Movement exhibited by WBCs, fibroblasts, germinal cells of skin, fertilized embryo

A

Amoeboid movement

31
Q

Movement found only in the respiratory airways and fallopian tubes; whip-like movements

A

Ciliary movement

32
Q

Much longer and moves in quasi-sinusoidal/rotatory waves

A

Flagellar movement

33
Q

Disk-shaped; for firm intercellular adhesions; found in epithelium

A

Macula adherens (desmosomes)

34
Q

Ring-shaped; increases surface are for contact; found in intercalated disks of cardiac muscles

A

Zonula adherens (fascia adherens)

35
Q

Reticular pattern; divides cell into apical and basolateral side; 2 types: leaky (PCT, jejunum) and tight (BBB)

A

Zonula occludens (tight junctions)

36
Q

For intercellular communication; found in cardiac and unitary smooth muscles

A

Gap junctions

37
Q

Functional unit of the gap junction

A

Connexons

38
Q

Movement of substances through the apical and basolateral side

A

Transcellular transport

39
Q

Movement of substances between cells through tight junctions

A

Paracellular transport

40
Q

Most abundant component of the cell membrane

A

Proteins (55%) (Other components: phospholipids (25%), cholesterol (13%), other lipids (4%), carbohydrates (3%)

41
Q

Mainly determines membrane fluidity and permeability to water-soluble structure

A

Cholesterol

42
Q

Describe integral proteins

A

tight attachment using hydrophobic interactions; spans entire cell membrane

43
Q

Describe peripheral proteins

A

loose attachment using electrostatic interactions; found in inner leaflet or outer leaflet

44
Q

GLUT transporters in brain & RBC, liver & pancreas, muscles and adipose

A

GLUT 1,3: brain and RBC; GLUT 2: liver and pancreas; GLUT 4: muscles and adipose

45
Q

Type of cell membrane transporter used by water

A

Aquaporins

46
Q

Two types of ATP-dependent transporter

A

ATPase Ion transporters: Na-K-ATPase pump; ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter: Multidrug Resistance Protein

47
Q

Which disease involves a mutation in a gene of chromosome 7 that encodes for an ABC transporter called CFTR?

A

Cystic Fibrosis (CFTR: Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator)

48
Q

Substance that facilitates endocytosis by helping form coated vesicles

A

Clathrin

49
Q

Secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters from intracellular vesicles by exocytosis is mediated by:

A

SNARE proteins

50
Q

How much water is lost in sweat at rest and in exercise?

A

100mL and 5000mL respectively

51
Q

Percentage of TBW, ICF, ECF.

A

60% TBW, 40% ICF, 20% ECF (15% interstitial, 5% plasma)

52
Q

What is the principle of macroscopic electroneutrality?

A

In each compartment, total number of cations should equal total number of anions

53
Q

What is the basis for the saying “where sodium goes, water follows”?

A

90% of the solutes in the ECF is Na+ making it a reasonable indicator of osmolarity

54
Q

What are the various indicator molecules?

A

TBW: Deuterium oxide, antipyrine; ECF: Inulin, mannitol; Plasma: 124I-labeled albumin

55
Q

Difference of osmolality and osmolarity

A

OsmolaLity: per kg of water, independent of temp OsmolaRity: per liter of water, varies with temp

56
Q

T or F: These two solution would have the same osmolarity: 1 mole of glucose in 1 L or water, 1 mole of NaCl in 1 L of water

A

False. Glucose will not dissociate, NaCl will dissociate to Na and Cl. (Osmolarity = concentration x number of dissociable particles; mOsm/L = mmol/L x number of particles/mol)

57
Q

Formula for plasma osmolarity

A

2 x plasma Na (meq/L) + Glucose (mg/dL) /18 + BUN (mg/dL) /2.8

58
Q

Movement of water from area of low concentration to high concentration across a semi-permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

59
Q

Osmosis: example of impermeant solute

A

Glucose (effective osmole)

60
Q

Osmosis: example of permeant solute

A

Urea (ineffective osmole)

61
Q

Osmosis: effective osmole use in the treatment of brain edema

A

Mannitol

62
Q

Osmosis: osmotic pressure from large molecules (proteins)

A

Oncotic pressure

63
Q

Osmosis: weight of the volume of a solution divided by weight of equal volume of distilled (pure) water

A

Specific gravity

64
Q

Number between 0 and 1 that describes the ease with which a solute permeates a membrane

A

Reflection coefficient

One: No solute penetration (Albumin),(+) water flow

Between 0 and 1: some solute penetration (most substances)

Zero: complete solute penetration (urea), (-) water flow

65
Q

Why is secondary active transport called as such?

A

It indirectly relies on the Na-K-ATPase pump

66
Q

What are the characteristics of active transport?

A

Saturation: Tm occurs once all transporters are used Stereospecificity: recognizes D or L forms Competition: chemically-related solutes may compete

67
Q

Which is faster? simple or facilitated diffusion?

A

At low solute concentration: facilitated > simple At high solute concentration: simple > facilitated

68
Q

Examples of primary active transport and secondary active transport

A

Primary: Na-K-ATPase pump Secondary: SGLT-1 in the SI, SGLT-2 in the PCT

69
Q

Transport mechanisms: Ca-ATPase pump in the cell membrane

A

PMCA (Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase)

70
Q

Transport mechanisms: Ca-ATPase pump in the SR and ER

A

SERCA

71
Q

Transport mechanisms: functions of the Na-K-ATPase pump

A

prevents cellular swelling, contributes to the resting membrane potential

72
Q

Transport mechanisms: functional subunit by the Na-K-ATPase pump inhibited by cardiac glycosides

A

alpha subunit

73
Q

Transport mechanisms: in all epithelial cells, Na-K-ATPase pump is found in the basolateral side EXCEPT:

A

choroid plexus

74
Q

Why do RBCs swell when chillled?

A

Decrease ATP synthesis –> Decrease activity of Na-K-ATPase pump

Physiology (13 decks)

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