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Flashcards in CDA 2.0 Deck (41)
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1
Q

why was prostitution rife in the 19th century?

A
  • most w/c women received little/no education
  • were limited to temporary and poorly paid jobs
  • prostitution was the only alternative tot he work house

-soldiers could not marry or be gay

2
Q

what did the middle classes think about prostitution?

A
  • moral threat to society

- threatened the sanctity of the family unit

3
Q

In what was was prostitution deemed acceptable?

A
  • ‘necessary evil’ to satisfy the male sexual desire that their wives couldn’t necessarily
  • especially acceptable in military bases and ports, where they were far from their wives, or didn’t have any
4
Q

What example could be used to claim that double standards were rife in 19th century Britain?

A

Matrimonial causes act 1857

–> man could divorce woman on grounds of adultery but she could not do the same

5
Q

Why is the Crimean war relevant?

A

(1854-56)

  • A royal commission on the health of the army was introduced as a result of the war
  • the royal commission then set up a committee of inquiry (after identifying VD to be an issue)
6
Q

what did the statistical department reveal about the health of the army?

A

-in 1860, 37% of army hospital diseases were for venereal diseases

7
Q

when was the committee of inquiry founded?

A

1862
included Florence Nightingale…
… and Sir John Liddell

8
Q

What did Florence Nightingale and other liberals advocate for the 1862 committee?

A
  • for the army to end its reliance on prostitution (introduce leisure activities instead)
  • penalties for men who concealed that they had VD
9
Q

What did Sir John Liddell advocate for the 1862 committee?

A

-the government should regulate prostitutes for soldiers with frequent checks i.e. compulsory medical examinations

10
Q

what was introduced for the first time in 1858?

A
  • a lock hospital in portsmouth (a hospital with a ward specialist in VD where prostitutes could visit voluntarily for treatment)
11
Q

Who was sir William Acton?

A
  • surgeon with medical knowledge on VD
  • wrote a book called ‘prostitution’, stating that gov intervention and new medical technology could help VD, wanting prostitutes to be medically examined but for THEIR BENEFIT
12
Q

what were the details of the 1964 CDA?

A
  • implemented in garrison towns and ports

- allowed Police to arrest women on suspicion of them being prostitutes and forcibly examine them

13
Q

How did the 1966 act extend the CDA?

A

-women could be detained for up to 3 months in a lock hospital

14
Q

why was the act passed by parliament?

A
  • ignorance of MPs

- a similar sounding bill had just been passed (Contagious diseases bill) to control foot and mouth disease in cattle

15
Q

how could the first CDA be said to have made the spread of VD worse?

A
  • some women would just move further afield in unregulated areas to avoid being arrested
  • -> spread disease further
16
Q

what changed to the terms of the CDA in 1966 and 1969?

A
  • more military towns had coverage
  • women could be kept for up to year
  • fortnightly inspections of all known prostitutes were compulsory
17
Q

what stimulated the start to the repeal campaign?

A
  • plans to extend the system of regulation to the towns and cities of the north
  • the repeal campaign began during the reformist period (same time as 1867 reform act)
18
Q

What was established in 1869 as part of the repeal movement?

A
  • National Assoscation for the repeal of the CDA
  • had no real impact
  • LNA founded in same year, and had a much larger imoact
19
Q

Who was responsible for starting the campaign for the repeal of the CDA?

A
  • Elizabeth Wolstenholme
  • arguably too radical e.g. views on marriage
  • would’ve tarnished the movement
20
Q

Why was Butler better suited to lead the movement?

A
  • woman of undoubted morality e.g. a devout christian
  • sought to help those with greater grief than her own, after the death of her daughter
  • reformist family who had campaigned against slavery
21
Q

What was the first move of the LNA?

A

-Daily News published a protest against the acts signed by 124 women

22
Q

What did Josephine Butler do which shows her dedication to the campaign?

A

-traveled 3,700 miles and addressed 99 meetings in a year

23
Q

How did the LNA campaign for repeal?

A
  • wanted to put pressure on the liberals by interfering with elections of anti-repeal candidates
  • -> weakened the liberal party by accident e.g. By-election in colchester, conservative candidate got seat instead
  • -> in 1874 the Tories won an overall majority
24
Q

name a criticism levelled at Butler’s leadership?

A

-an 1881 committee revealed that she had not been to a protected area since 1873

25
Q

How did the LNA use cases such as Ms Percy’s

A

1875 - falsely accused and committed suicide

-to fuel public fear. The CDA risked the dignity of innocent women

26
Q

what happened in 1874?

A

-Liberals lost power and James Stansfeld could assume leadership of the movement (no longer part of cabinet)

27
Q

What did Stansfeld do?

A
  • used medical statistics to prove that the acts failed to stop the spread of disease
  • encouraged the National Medical association to form in 1875
  • got conservatives to agree to establish a committee of inquiry in 1879
28
Q

what was the LNA paper called?

A

The shield

29
Q

name a regional league that campaigned against the CDA

A

Northern counties league (Henry Wilson)

30
Q

How many petitions were signed 1870-1886?

A

18,000

31
Q

How did the government investigate the effect of the CDA?

A

the 1871 royal commission

  • -> majority of witnesses were Anglican ministers, doctors and military officers
  • -> prostitutes were not sufficiently respectable for the gov to interview
32
Q

what did the 1871 commission find?

A
  • certificates to disease free women allowed them to charge more
  • life expectancy had increased among prostitutes
  • Arguably, the most uncomfortable disease, scabies, had been cured
  • VD related hospital admissions in the army fell
33
Q

What was the difference in health between soldiers in protected areas and those in not?

A

protected areas: 37/1000 hospitalized

unprotected: 194/1000

34
Q

what was the shortcoming of the acts regarding the police?

A

-some police were unenthusiastic about implementing the acts, as they saw them as an unnecessary distraction from preventing and detecting more serious crimes

35
Q

what were the negative impacts of the acts on prostitutes?

A
  • procedure likened to ‘surgical rape’
  • Mercury was toxic
  • acts appeared to place the blame on the prostitutes
  • laws made access to reform institutions harder for those who wanted to leave
36
Q

what was the positive impact of the CDA on women?

A
  • helped give women a political platform
  • changed attitudes towards women in politics
  • -> Social purity alliance set up by Butler increased age of consent to 16
37
Q

In what way could Butler have prevented important reforms to the welfare of prostitutes?

A

-opposed to a suggestion of the 1871 commission of a system of voluntary examinations in private clinics (said it would still pace blame on women)

38
Q

How did Butler view prostitution?

A

Morally abhorrent

39
Q

In what way did the LNA fail to get popular support?

A

failed to mobile w/c women

40
Q

When were the CDA’s repealed?

A

1886 (by the liberals)

41
Q

What led to Gladstone’s decision to repeal the acts?

A

Stansfeld demanded he repeal the act in exchange for support for Irish Home Rule