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Flashcards in case 1 Deck (40)
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1
Q

what are reticular fibres?

A

a type of fibre in connective tissue composed of type III collagen secreted by reticular cells.
crosslink to form a fine meshwork (reticulin).

2
Q

what is a reticular cell?

A

a type of fibroblast that synthesizes collagen alpha-1(III) (type III collagen) and uses it to produce reticular fibers

3
Q

describe the paracortex of the lymph node.

A

does not contain any lymphatic nodules

mainly a site for mostly T lymphocytes to aggregate.

4
Q

what is a masson’s trichrome stain?

A

three-colour staining protocol

useful for distinguishing cells from surrounding connective tissue

5
Q

what is the brachial artery?

A

major blood vessel of the upper arm

6
Q

where is the ulnar nerve?

A

arm

7
Q

what colour is collagen in the masson’s trichrome stain?

A

green

8
Q

what is the capillary lumen about the size of?

A

a red blood cell

9
Q

what is the capillary comprised of?

A

a single layer of endothelial cells

10
Q

how are elastic arteries different from muscular arteries?

A

contain more elastic tissue in tunica media

bigger

11
Q

what is morphology?

A

essentially the 3D form of anatomy.

12
Q

what is thrombosis?

A

the formation of a stationary blood clot (thrombus) in the blood vessel.

13
Q

what is an embolism?

A

the blockage of blood vessel by an embolus. The embolus that causes the blockage is often a blood clot or thrombus but can also be air bubbles or foreign materials.

14
Q

where can an embolism occur?

A

lungs (PE)
brain (cerebral embolism)
heart (coronary embolism)

15
Q

what are the most common connective tissue cells?

A
fibroblasts
adipocytes
chondrocytes
osteocytes
leukocytes
16
Q

what are the most common GAGs?

A

hyaluronic acid
chondroitin sulphate
beratin sulphate

17
Q

where is connective tissue proper found?

A

fat. ligaments, tendons.

18
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

progressive disease characterised by build up of lipids and fibrous elements in the large arteries.

19
Q

what is the no1 cause of death globally?

A

CVD-~30% of all deaths. vast majority happen in low income countries.

20
Q

what are the modifiable risk factors of CVD?

A
  • hypercholesterolaemia (high cholesterol) esp more LDL
  • smoking
  • hypertension
  • diabetes
  • obesity
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • unhealthy diet
  • alcohol
21
Q

what are the non modifiable risk factors of CVD?

A
  • male gender
  • increasing age
  • low birth weight
  • family history
22
Q

what is the leading risk factor for heart and circulatory disease in the UK?

A

hypertension.

23
Q

where is blood pressure usually measured?

A

brachial artery.

24
Q

what is syncope?

A

fainting

25
Q

what is the most likely presentation of carotid sinus hypersensitivity?

A

falls and syncope

26
Q

In England, it is estimated that for every 10 people diagnosed with hypertension, how many others have undiagnosed hypertension?

A

7

27
Q

what does QRISK3 assess the risk of?

A

heart attack or stroke over the next 10 years.

28
Q

what is the drug class of indapamide?

A

thiazide-like diuretic

29
Q

what is the main effect of thiazide-like diuretics?

A

at low doses, as used in hypertension, thiazide-like diuretics have more prominent vasodilation actions.
diuretic effects only become more apparent at higher doses.

30
Q

what is coarctation of the aorta?

A

also called aortic narrowing- congenital condition where the aorta is narrow.

31
Q

what happens in aortic dissection?

A

where there is damage to the inner wall of the aorta and so blood can move between the layers of that aortic wall forcing them apart.

32
Q

what is pre-enclampsia?

A

refers to new-onset hypertension in pregnancy, alongside new-onset proteinuria (most cases) or other signs and symptoms.

33
Q

what does the common carotid artery split into?

A

internal and external carotid arteries

34
Q

define: connective tissue

A

a type of tissue which binds and supports structures in the body.

35
Q

define: extracellular matrix.

A

a non cellular matrix of ground substances and fibres that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.

36
Q

what is a fibroblast?

A

type of cell found in connective tissue that produces and maintains the extracellular matrix and produces collagen.

37
Q

what are the nervi vascularis?

A

small unmyelinated sympathetic nerves that traverse the tunica adventitia and release noradrenaline.

38
Q

what provides nutrients to the tunics of the large vessels?

A

vasa vasorum (‘vessels of vessels’). found in border between media and adventitia or just in the adventitia.

39
Q

what is blood flow in diastole driven by?

A

the elastic recoil of the major arteries

40
Q

When a person moves from a supine position to a standing position, what compensatory mechanisms occur?

A

Increased heart rate mediated by a decrease in parasympathetic tone via the vagal nerve and the release of catecholamines by the adrenal medulla.