Career Devlopment

Question 1

Traits and factors career theory

Answer 1

Developed by Frank Parsons

Recognized as the father of guidance.

Three part model: traits, factors and true reasoning

Sometimes referred as the matching theory

Question 2

Personality career and vocational theory:

Holland

Answer 2

Is sometimes described as structural because it links various personality clip characteristics and corresponding jobs.

Question 3

Holland’s theory has developed three instruments that it can use by career counselor:

Answer 3

Vocational preference inventory (VPI)

Self directed search (SDS)

Vocational exploration and insight kit ( VEIK)

Question 4

Holland’s theory:

Congruence

Answer 4

Different personality types require different emotions

Question 5

Roe’s theory was based on two major personality theories:

Answer 5

The work of Gardner Murphy theorized relatively predictable development of psychic energy and early childhood experiences and later vocational choice.

Maslow’ concept of needs

Question 6

Roe saw vocational choice as heavily affected by the child rearing practices used while the individual was developing.

Answer 6

Emotional concentration on the child
- over protecting and at the same time over demanding behavior which makes the child dependent on parental approval.

Avoidance of the child
– Emotional rejection of the child

Acceptance of the child
- incorporating of the child into the family unit As an equal and encouraging independence.

Question 7

Roe categorize jobs into :

Answer 7

8 fields

6 levels

Question 8

Roe: eight fields

Answer 8

Service, business contact, organizations, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, and arts and entertainment.

Question 9

Roe’s six levels

Answer 9

Professional and managerial 
(Independent responsibility)
Professional and managerial 
( less independence or fewer responsibilities)
Semi professional and small businesses.
Skilled
Semiskilled 
Unskilled

Question 10

Social learning theory

Answer 10

Is an outgrowth of general social learning theory of behavior proposed by Albert Bandura

Question 11

Social theory suggests:

Answer 11

An individual can you control your little or none of the genetic background.
Genetic background effects the learning experience.
Individual personality and behavioral patterns arise primarily from his unique learning experiences rather than from innate development.
Recognizes that humans are intelligent, problem-solving individual
Not deterministic theory but individuals always posses alternative

Question 12

Krumboltz, mitchel,and gelatt identify four factors that can influence a career decision:

Answer 12

Genetic endowment and special abilities such as race and sex.
Environmental conditions and events such as number\nature of job, neighborhood influences.
Learning experiences
- instrumental learning experience (ILEs)
- associative learning experience (ALEs)

Tasks approach skills such as problem-solving skills and work habits.

Question 13

Super

Answer 13

His theory as a loosely unified group of theories dealing with distinct phases of career development taken from developmental, differential,phenomenological, and social psychology and held together by self concept or a personal construct theory.

Question 14

Super’s life stages

Answer 14

Growth life stage (birth to 14 yrs)
Exploration life stage (14-24 yrs)
Establishment (24-44 hrs)
Maintenance (44-64 yrs)
Decline life stage (age 64 and up)

Question 15

Super:

Growth lifestage task: 3 sub stages

Answer 15

Fantasy (4-10 yrs)
Needs are dominant; role-playing in fantasy is important.
Interest (11-12 yrs)
Likes are the major determinant of aspirations and activities.
Capacity (13-14 yrs)
Abilities are given more weight and Job requirements are considered

Question 16

Super:

Exploration life stages: 3 sub stages

Answer 16

Tentative (14-15 yrs)
Tentative choices are made.
Crystallizing a vocational preference

Transition (18-21 yrs)
Reality considerations are give me more weight.
Specifying vocational preference.

Trial (with) Little commitment (22-24 yrs)
First job, commitment provisional

Question 17

Super:

Establishment life stage: two sub stages

Answer 17

Trial commitment and stabilization (25-30 yrs)
Results and one or more changes before life work is found.

Advancement (31-44 yrs)
Effort is put forth to stabilize.

Question 18

Super:

Maintenance life stages: 1 substage

Answer 18

Accepting one from limitations, identifying new problems to work on, developing new skills

Question 19

Super:

Decline life stage: 2 substages

Answer 19

Deceleration (65 to 70 yrs)
Duties are shift
Many men find part-time job to replace their full time job

Retirement (71 yrs and up)
Variation on complete cessation of work
Ship to part time, volunteer, leisure activities

Question 20

Super depicts life span, life role development through the life career rainbow:

Answer 20

6 life roles:
Child, student, leisurite, Citizen, worker and homemaker.

5 life stages:
Growth, exploration, establishment, maintanance,and decline

Question 21

Super’s career maturity: readiness of individuals to make good career choices.

Answer 21

Career planning, career exploitation, decision-making, world of work information, and knowledge of preferred occupational group.

Question 22

Developmental\lifespan career theory:

Ginsberg, Ginsburg, axeland, and Herman investigated:

Answer 22

Upper middle-class, white, Protestant, and Catholic population, identifying three major periods in the career choice process:

Fantasy (0-11 yrs)
Tentative (11-18 yrs)
Realistic (18 yrs into the 20s)

Question 23

Developmental\Life span theory:

Schlossberg defined the career transition process as changes that take place over time, four distinct types of career transitions:

Answer 23

Anticipated career transitions
- events that will happen in the lifespan of most individuals, such as marriage.
Unacticipated career transitions
- unexpected events such as fired
Chronic Hassles
-situation such as a long commute to work
Non-events
- events that don’t happen such as promotions that doesn’t happen

Question 24

Decision making career and vocational theory:

Teidemsn’s model has seven steps:

Answer 24

Anticipation or preoccupation
- expiration, crystallization, choice and clarification.
Implementation or accommodation
- induction, re-formation, and integration.
Is proactive rather than reactive.
Use a cubistic model of decision-making.
Model includes the four levels:
- Learning, problem-solving, solution using and solution reviewing.
Each level have a hierarchy of decision strategies
Focus on self empowerment and utilization of “I”

Question 25

Conflict model
Janis and Mann
4 defective parents of decision-making:

Answer 25

In-conflicted adherence
-person denies any serious risk from current course of action.
un-conflicted change to new course of action
- denies any serious risk in making a decision or change
Defense avoidance
-avoid choice that stimulate anxiety or painful feeling and give up looking for solution.
Hypervigilance
-become emotionally excited as time constraints.

Question 26

Hoppock composite theory

Answer 26

Found Robert Hoppock

Produce occupational information

Use as a critical reference

Question 27

Sources of information:

Dictionary of occupational titles
DOT

Answer 27

Published by the United States Department of Labor contains information about approximately 22,000 jobs in 9 categories.

The first digit refers to one of nine occupational categories.

The next two digits indicates one of 82 occupational division

Middle three numbers refers to worker traits.

The final three digits indicates the alphabetical order of title

Question 28

Occupational outlook handbook

OOH

Answer 28

Published by the United States department of labor.

List over 800 of the most popular careers

It’s forcast the employment growth phase is for these career

Question 29

The guide for occupational exploration

Answer 29

3 digits codes.

Similar to DOT code

Difference is that these codes are more related to the interest requirements of the occupation than are the DOT codes.

Question 30

Enhances Guide for occupational exploration

Answer 30

Use a three digit cod, but codes are more related to the interest requirements of occupations.

Question 31

Standard occupational classification manual (SOC)

Answer 31

Clusters jobs by similar work functions rather than by interest.

There are four levels of classification:
Divisions 
Major group
Minor group 
Unit group

Question 32

Computer software dealing with career choices are:

Answer 32

Discover II
Choices
Sigi plus 
CVIS
GIS
ISVD
ECES

Question 33

Computer assistant career guidance

CACG

Answer 33

Systems are rapidly becoming a core element in the delivery of career and educational guidance services in the United States

Question 34

Factors affecting women

Answer 34

Tokenism- Low proportion of ones sex in a workplace dominate by the opposite sex.

Stereotypes

Lack of role models

Discontinuities in female career development
- Women choosing not to have kids because is viewed as a barrier.

Dual roles
- multiple responsibilities

Question 35

Dual career families

Answer 35

Both man and women are wage earner.

Identity tension lines:
Point beyond which the violation of sex roles stabilization become uncomfortable for the individual, both male and female

Question 36

Benefits of dual career marriage

Answer 36

Feeling of self-worth
more roles in which to define success
marital solidarity 
Higher standard of living
Child care support policies in some employment organizations. 
More egalitarian roles

Question 37

Self- efficacy

Answer 37

Women who believe they are incapable of performing certain test (low self efficacy)limits their career mobility and restrict their career options.

Question 38

Types of sexual-harassment

Answer 38

Gender harassment, seductive behavior, sexual bribery, sexual coercion, and sexual assault.

Question 39

Four stages of re-acting to harassment:

Answer 39

Confusion and self-blame
Fear and anxiety
Depression and anger
Disillusionment