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Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiovascular System - Blood > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

List the general function of blood.

A
  • regulation
  • transportation
  • protection
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2
Q

What is transported in blood?

A
  • nutrients
  • waste
  • gases
  • hormones
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3
Q

What does the blood help regulate?

A
  • fluid-electrolyte balance
  • acid-base balance
  • body temperature
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4
Q

How does the blood help protect the body?

A
  • white blood cells protect against pathogens

* blood clotting prevents excessive loss of blood

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5
Q

Define plasma.

A

Liquid part of blood, approximately 91% water.

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6
Q

Blood is _________ tissue?

A

connective

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7
Q

Cells and plasma make up what percentage of blood?

A

45% cells 55% plasma

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8
Q

List and describe the proteins carried by plasma.

A
  • clotting factors - form clots in damaged blood vessels
  • Albumin - most abundant plasma protein, pulls tissue fluid into capillaries, important to maintain normal blood volume and pressure
  • globulins - transports lipid-soluble vitamins and fat molecules, some function as antibodies
  • antibodies - destruction of pathogens and provide immunity
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9
Q

List the formed elements of blood and describe their function.

A
  • erythrocytes (red blood cells) - oxygen transport
  • leukosytes (white blood cells) - protect the body
  • platelets - cell fragments, function in the blood-clotting process
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10
Q

Define hemopiesis.

A

Process by which cells are made.

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11
Q

Name the two hemopietic tissues.

A

red bone marrow lymphatic tissue

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12
Q

What blood cells are created in red bone marrow?

A

Mainly red blood cells.

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13
Q

How are red blood cells formed?

A

Stem cells in red bone marrow undergo mitosis, create hemoglobin, and lose their nucleus.

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14
Q

State the importance of erythropoietin.

A

Hormone produced in the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production.

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15
Q

What blood cells are created in lymphatic tissue?

A

lymphocytes monocytes

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16
Q

What is the basic function of erythrocytes (RBC)?

A

provide a stable enviroment for the protein hemoglobin (Hb)

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17
Q

What is formed when a erythrocyte (RBC) picks up oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries?

A

oxyhemoglobin

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18
Q

What allows oxygen to bond to hemoglobin?

A

four Iron atoms Iron gives RBC’s their red color

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19
Q

Define hematocrit.

A

total volume of the erythrocytes relative to the total blood volume

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20
Q

State the percentages of erythrocytes (RBC) found in blood in both men and women.

A

Men 42% - 52% Women 37% - 47%

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21
Q

Approximately how long to erythrocytes (RBC) live?

A

120 days

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22
Q

How are dead or dying erythrocytes (RBC) removed from circulation?

A

They are phagocytized by macrophages.

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23
Q

What happens to the iron after a erythrocyte (RBC) has been destroyed?

A

The iron is returned to the red bone marrow for creation of new hemoglobin. Any excess iron is stored in the liver.

24
Q

What happens to hemoglobin after the destruction of erythrocytes (RBC)?

A

After the iron is removed, heme is left over. Heme is converted to bilirubin. The liver removes bilirubin from the blood, excretes it into bile, and secretes the bile into the duodenum. It passes through small intestine and colon and is eliminated in feces.

25
Q

What four blood types are contained in the ABO group, what antigens do they carry, and what antibodies are present in their plasma?

A
  • Type A - A antigen, B antibody
  • Type B - B antigen, A antibody
  • Type AB - A and B antigens, no antibody
  • Type O - no antigens, A and B antibodies
26
Q

What two types of antigens are found on red blood cell membranes?

A

A antigens B antigens

27
Q

What consequence may occur if someone with type A blood was given type B blood?

A

Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction The donor blood would clump and rupture. The free hemoglobin from the ruptured cells could clog the capillaries fo the kidneys and lead to renal damage or failure.

28
Q

Type O blood is known as?

A

universal donor

29
Q

Type AB blood is known as?

A

universal recipient

30
Q

What other antigen may be found on red blood cell membrane besides A and B?

A

Rh antigen Blood with the Rh antigen present on red blood cells are Rh positive. Those without are Rh negative.

31
Q

Does Rh negative blood have Rh antibodies?

A

no

32
Q

Define RhoGam.

A

Rh antibody that will destroy Rh positive RBCs.

33
Q

Leukocytes (WBC) are classified into what two groups?

A

Granular produced in red bone marrow and agranular produced in lymphatic tissue.

34
Q

Name the granular leukocytes produced by the red bone marrow.

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
35
Q

Name the agranular leukocytes produced in the lymphatic tissue.

A
  • lymphocytes

* monocytes

36
Q

Define neutrophil.

A

most abundant phagocyte

37
Q

Define eosinophil.

A

detoxify foreign proteins

38
Q

Define basophil

A

contain heparin and histamine

39
Q

Define lymphocyte.

A

T cells and B cells

40
Q

Define monocytes.

A

most efficient phagocyte

41
Q

Explain how leukocytes migrate.

A

Self locomotion by ameboid movement. Able to squeeze between the cells of capillary walls into tissue spaces.

42
Q

What does a high WBC count in a CBC indicate?

A

leukocytosis indicates a possible infection

43
Q

Define leukopenia.

A

Low white blood cell count in a CBC

44
Q

What disease is characterized by a very high count of nonfunctionable WBC’s?

A

Leukemia

45
Q

Platelets are also called…

A

Thrombocytes

46
Q

Whats the life span of a thrombocyte?

A

5-9 days

47
Q

Define hemostasis.

A

prevention of blood loss

48
Q

Explain the mechanisms of hemostasis.

A
  • Vascular spasm - platelets bring about vasoconstriction so that an area in a damaged vessel may be blocked by a blood clot
  • Platelet plug - platelets stick together to form a mechanical wall to close off a break in a capillary
  • Chemical clotting - a series of reactions involving chemicals that are released and others circulating in the blood to clot a damaged vessel
49
Q

Name the stages of chemical clotting.

A
  • prothrombin activator
  • thrombin
  • protein fibrin
50
Q

Define fibrin.

A

thread like protein that form a mesh over the damaged area of a vessel that traps RBC’s which makes a wall stop the bleeding

51
Q

Define hemophilia.

A

the absense of clotting factor

52
Q

Define thrombus.

A

blood clot

53
Q

Define thrombosis.

A

clotting in an intact vessel

54
Q

Define embolism.

A

a clot or other tissue transported from elsewhere that lodges in and obstructs a vessel

55
Q

Explain how abnormal clotting is prevented in the vascular system.

A

The release of heparin, produced by basophils, is a natural anticoagulant which inhibits clotting. The liver produces a globulin called antithrombin, which combines with and inactivates excess thrombin.

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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