Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three principal components of the cardiovascular circulatory system?

A

Heart, Blood and Blood Vessels

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2
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system impacted by?

A

The Endocrine system, nervous system and kidneys

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3
Q

What is haematocrit?

A

Percent of blood volume that is erythrocytes

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4
Q

what is bulk flow?

A

Rapid flow of blood throughout the body

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5
Q

What are the two ‘loops’ of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Systemic

- Pulmonary

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6
Q

What does the systemic loop of the cardiovascular system do?

A

Carries blood from the left ventricle via the aorta, systemic arteries and then microcirculation to the major parts of the body and back to the heart by the vena cava

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7
Q

What does the pulmonary loop of the cardiovascular system do?

A

Carries oxygen poor blood from the right ventricle via the pulmonary trunk, splitting into the pulmonary arteries

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8
Q

Describe the pathway that blood goes from leaving the heart via the systemic loop, coming back to the heart, then leaving via the pulmonary loop and back

A
  • Left Ventricle
  • Aorta
  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
  • Veins
  • Vena Cava
  • Right Atrium
  • Right Ventricle
  • Pulmonary Trunk
  • Pulmonary Arteries
  • Pulmonary Arterioles
  • Pulmonary Capillaries
  • Pulmonary Venules
  • Pulmonary Veins
  • Left Atrium
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9
Q

What is blood pressure measured in?

A

mm Hg

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10
Q

What is blood flow measured in?

A

mL/min

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11
Q

What is resistance, and what is its relationship to blood flow?

A

Resistance is the measure of friction that impedes flow. Has a negative proportional relationship with flow

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12
Q

What three things contribute to resistance?

A
  • Blood viscosity
  • Total blood vessel length
  • Blood vessel diameter
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13
Q

what factors affect blood pressure

A

Volume of blood

Compliance of blood vessels

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14
Q

What is the maximal arterial pressure reached during peak ventricular ejection referred to as?

A

Systolic Blood pressure

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15
Q

What is the minimal arterial pressure reached just before ventricular ejection referred to as?

A

Diastolic blood pressure

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16
Q

What is the term used to describe the difference between Systolic and diastolic bp?

A

Pulse pressure

17
Q

What is the function of arterioles regulated by?

A

Neural, hormonal and local chemicals

18
Q

what are the two functions of arterioles?

A
  • Constriction, to divert blood away from tissues

- Dilation, to increase blood flow to tissues

19
Q

What changes are detected locally to cause active hyperaemia in an organ?

A
  • Decreased O2 and increased CO2
  • Increased K+
  • Inreased NO2
  • Increased H+
  • Increased Adenosine
20
Q

What is reactive hyperaemia?

A

Huge increase in blood flow after complete occlusion

21
Q

What hormones are responsible for extrinsic control of arteriole resistance?

A
Epinephrine (dilates or constricts)
Angiotensin II (constricts)
Vasopressin (constricts)
22
Q

What extrinsic factors apart from hormones can affect arteriole resistance?

A

Sympathetic nervous system action

23
Q

What are the three types of capillary?

A
  • Continuous
  • Fenestrated
  • Sinsuoidal
24
Q

What are continuous capillaries?

A
  • Found in skin and muscle.
  • Most common
  • Have tight junctions
25
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

More permeable, found in intestines and hormone producing tissues

26
Q

What are sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Incomplete basement membrane, Found in liver, bone marrow and lymphoid tissue

27
Q

What is the process of capillary growth called?

A

Angiogenesis

28
Q

What are the endothelial cells of the capillary wall separated by?

A

Water filled Intercellular clefts

29
Q

What does blood enter capillaries via?

A

Metarterioles?

30
Q

What is at the boundary between metarterioles and capillaries?

A

Precapillary sphincters

31
Q

What is a benefit of the slow movement of blood through the capillaries?

A

Maximises time for substance exchange

32
Q

What are the three mechanisms allowing substance exchange between the plasma and ISF?

A
  • Diffusion
  • Vesicle transport
  • Bulk flow
33
Q

What are the two major functions of veins?

A
  • Serve as low pressure conduits to return blood to heart

- Maintain peripheral venous pressure

34
Q

What are the factors determining venous pressure?

A
  • Amount of blood in veins

- Compliance of walls

35
Q

What three mechanisms propagate blood flow through the veins?

A
  • Norepinephrine facilitated smooth muscle contraction
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
36
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system innverate in the cardiac cycle, and via what neurotransmitter?

A

Entire heart muscle and node cells, via norepinephrine

37
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous stem innverate in the cardiac cycle, and via what neurotransmitter?

A

The node cells, via acetylcholine

38
Q

Explain the pathway that an action potential takes in the cardiac cycle, starting at the Sinoatrial Node

A
  • SA Node
  • Atrial muscle
  • AV Node
  • Bundle of HIS
  • Left/Right bundle branch
  • Left/right Purkinje fibres
  • Ventricular muscle cells
39
Q

What type of ion channels cause depolarisation of myocardial cells?

A

Voltage Gated L-type CA2+ channels