Cardiovascular pathology 1 Flashcards Preview

Clinical pathology > Cardiovascular pathology 1 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Cardiovascular pathology 1 Deck (22)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Ischaemic Heart Disease definition

A

genetic designation for a group of syndromes resulting from myocardial ischaemia – an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand

2
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

duration and severity of ischaemia causes myocardial death

3
Q

Angina Pectoris =

A

Ischaemia is less severe and does not cause myocardial death (stable angina/prinzmetal angina/unstable angina)

4
Q

Risk factors of IHD

A
  • High TC:HDL (total cholesterol:HDL = high ratio means higher proportion of LDL)
  • high BP, lifestyle factors
5
Q

IHD aetiology

A
  • Mostly due to atherosclerosis

- Sometimes due to hypertrophy

6
Q

IHD pathogenesis

A

Atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction = fixed vessel narrowing and abnormal vascular tone = imbalance between oxygen supply and demand

  • Narrowing of lumen causes stable angina
  • Damage to endothelium may cause a thrombus,
  • Occlusive thrombus (complete block) = MI
7
Q

Types of MI

A
  • Transmural – full thickness of myocardium

- Subendocardial – inner one third of the wall (least well perfused)

8
Q

Complications of MI

A
  • Arrhythmia – damage to conduction system
  • Congestive cardiac failure, can’t contract due to papillary muscle infarct
  • Thromboembolism, pericarditis
  • Ventricular aneurysm leading to cardiac tamponade (break in wall - fluid/blood fills pericardium, compressing heart = pericardial shock)
  • Cardiogenic Shock = cannot deal with demand and pump of the blood
9
Q

Blood markers of IHD

A
  • Troponins T&I
  • Creatine Kinase MB
  • Myoglobin
  • Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1
10
Q

Hypertension Definition

A
  • Primary (idiopathic/essential) or secondary

- Primary HT is one extreme on the distribution of BP – sustained 140/90

11
Q

Malignant hypertension =

A
  • BP >180/120 – urgent treatment needed before organ damage occurs
12
Q

Aetiology of Primary hypertension

A
  • Multifactorial:
  • Associated with insulin resistance
  • Obesity, alcohol, smoking
  • Sodium intake
13
Q

Aetiology of Secondary hypertension

A

Caused by a condition:

  • Cushing’s - increases Na + fluid uptake
  • Conn’s - increases Na + fluid uptake
  • Pheochromocytoma - narrows vessels and raises BP
  • Coarctation of aorta
  • Renal artery stenosis - RAAS activation
14
Q

Complications of Increased BP

A
  • Renal disease
  • Cerebrovascular disease = subarachnoid haemorrhage
  • Systemic heart disease = left sided heart disease
  • Cor pulmonale = right sided heart disease
15
Q

left sided heart disease =

A

Systemic hypertension = hypertrophy of the left ventricle due to pressure overload (becomes heart failure when it can no longer work efficiently)

16
Q

right sided heart disease =

A
  • Due to hypertension in the pulmonary vessels = hypertrophy of the right ventricle due to pressure overload
17
Q

Aneurysm definition

A

A localised abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or the wall of the heart

18
Q

True aneurysm =

A

All arterial wall (tunica adventitia, media and intima) dilates outward

19
Q

False aneurysm =

A

A breach in the vascular wall leading to an extravascular hematoma that freely communicates with the intravascular space (“pulsating haematoma”)

20
Q

Arterial dissection =

A

Similar to a false aneurysm but the haematoma dissects the layers

21
Q

Mycotic aneurysm =

A

Infected aneurysm – can be secondary to infective endocarditis

22
Q

Aetiology of Aneurysms

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Cystic medial degeneration
  • Trauma
  • Congenital defects
  • Infections

Decks in Clinical pathology Class (69):