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Toxicology > Cardiovascular and Hematopoietic > Flashcards

Flashcards in Cardiovascular and Hematopoietic Deck (22)
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1
Q

learning objective - appreciate the range of cardiotoxins for large and small

A

Anticoagulants

Nitrates

2
Q

Anticoagulants were widely used for _________.
______ has a short half life, 15 hours and a low potency.
______ has a long half life, 20 days and high potency, can kill in a single feeding, LD50 only 0.25mg/kg.

A

rodent control
warfarin
brodifacoum

3
Q

mechanism of action of Anti-coags

A

inhibit Vitamin K epoxide reductase which is responsible for Vitamin K dependent clotting factors.

4
Q

Clinical signs of Warfarin/brodifacoum?

A

hemorrhage (chest and abdomen) and hematoma

depression, anorexia, anemia, dyspnea, nosebleeds, bleeding gums, bloody feces.

5
Q

Diagnosis of anticoags?

A
  1. history of exposure
  2. evidency of coagopathy
  3. response to vitamin K therapy
6
Q

Nitrates are found in many fertilizers and plants. When converted to nitrites they cause vasodilation and ______ formation, ultimately _______.
Which animals are most susceptible?

A

methemoglobin, oxygen starvation of tissues.

pigs>cattle>sheep>horses

7
Q

At asymptomatic amounts of methemoglobin you may see changes in ____. When _____ methemoglobin, ataxia, seizures, coma occur.

A

membrane color, cyanosis, brown blood

50% methemoglobin

8
Q

Treatment nitrate toxicosis

A

methylene blue IV (best in ruminants)

Can feed cattle corn to inc. nitrite reduction in rumen.

9
Q

What are common plants that contain glycosides?

mechanism of action?

A

foxglove, oleander.

inhibit Na/K ATPase

10
Q

clinical signs of glycoside toxicity

A

trembling, staggering, inc. Ca and intracellar Na. Racing heart rate, arrhythmia, weak pulse. Hyperkalemia.

11
Q

Treatment for glycoside toxicity

A

GI contamination if recent.

Tx arrhythmia with propanolol.

12
Q

cyanide can be found in wilted leaves and seeds of ______ as well as ______.
It also isn’t toxic when dry.

A

wild black cherry, white clover, sorghum.

fertilizers, pesticides, fumigants, combustion

13
Q

mechanism of cyanide toxicity

A

inhibits cytochrome oxidase and oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondria shut down)

14
Q

clinical signs cyanide toxicity

A
cherry red (superoxygenated) blood  that is slow to clot. 
sudden death, dyspnea, weakness tremors
15
Q

treatment for cyanide toxicosis

A

Find another recipient for the cyanide

  1. induce methemoglobin formation with sodium nitrite to bind cyanide
  2. Na thiosulfate
16
Q

Methylxanthines include _______, theobromine, theophylline, and are found in ____, ______ and medications.

A

caffeine

coffee, chocolate

17
Q

What are the most toxic forms of chocolate?

A

Unsweet baking and Dark

18
Q

Methylxanthines mechanism of action

A

competitive antagonist adenosine receptors, vasoconstriction and tachycardia.
prevents Ca reuptake, skeletal and cardiac contractility.

19
Q

Treatment methyxanthines

A

treat arrthmias with lidocaine in dogs, or metoprolol.

treat seizures with diazepam or barbituates.

20
Q

gossypol mechanism of action?

diagnosis?

A

chelates iron, anemia, reduces protein availability.

hx, cardiac necrosis, edema, vacuoloization

21
Q

treatment gossypol toxicosis

A

high protein diet, add Vit A, iron, lysine

22
Q

ulceration of mucous membranes, cardiac necrosis, sudden death w/o struggle. May find beetles in stomach

A

catharidin toxicity