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Biochemisty > Carb Metabolism > Flashcards

Carb Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main roles Glucose plays?

A

1- Source of ATP
2-Energy storage as Glycogen
3-Molecular precursor for AA and neurotransmitters
4-Structural backbone

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2
Q

What are the 4 catabolic pathways of glucose?

A

1-Glycolysis
2-Citric acid cycle
3-Oxidative phosphorylation
4-Glycogenolysis

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3
Q

What are the two Anabolic Pathways for Glucose?

A

1-Gluconeogenesis (makes glucose)

2-Glycogenesis (Make Glycogen)

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4
Q

What 4 enzymes help break down sugars?

A

1-Amylase
2-Lactase
3-Sucrase
4-Maltase

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5
Q

What are the 5 key regulators of Glucose metabolic pathways?

A 
1-Insulin
2-Glucagon
3-Epinephrine
4-Glucose
5-ATP/AMP concentrations
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6
Q

When Glycolysis is happening, which pathway is not?

A

Gluconeogensis

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7
Q

When Glycogensis is happening, which pathway is not?

A

Glycogenolysis

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8
Q

What two places/areas is glycogen primarily found?

A

Liver (10% weight) Muslces (2% weight)

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9
Q

What does Glycogenesis do?

A

Convert Glucose to Glycogen

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10
Q

What enzyme is the point of regulation of Glycogenesis?

A

Glycogen Synthase (Converts Uracil diphosphate Glucose to Glycogen Chain)

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11
Q

What enzyme phosphorylates Glucose to make Glucose-6-phosphate?

A

Hexokinase

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12
Q

What enzyme converts Glucose 6 phosphate to Glucose 1 phosphate?

A

Phosphoglucomutase

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13
Q

Which Enzyme converts Glucose 1 phosphate to Uracil Diphosphatate-Glucose?

A

UDP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase

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14
Q

What protein acts as a tethering point for Glycogen formation?

A

Glycogenin

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15
Q

What does Glycogenolysis do?

A

Create Glucose from Glycogen

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16
Q

What does Glucose-6 Phosphatase do? Where is it found?

A

Dephosphorylates G6P to Glucose. Only found in the ER. Glucose is then transported into the blood stream

17
Q

What two enzymes regulate glycogen metabolism?

A

Glycogen Synthase, Glycogen Phosphorylase

18
Q

What does Glycogen synthase do?

A

Add UDP-Glucose to Glycogen chains

19
Q

What does Glycogen Phosphorylase do?

A

Remove Glucose 1 phosphate from Glycogen

20
Q

How is Glycogen synthase regulated?

A
  • Inactivated by GSK3 through phosphorylation (3 phosphates)

- Activated when PP1 dephosphorylates it

21
Q

What three things favor the activation of Glycogen Synthase?

A

Insulin, Glucose 6 Phosphate, Glucose

22
Q

What do Epinephrine and Glucagon do?

A

Raise blood/cellular glucose level. Epinephrine in most of the body. Glucagon acts in the liver

23
Q

What two things inhibit Glycogen Phosphorylase?

A

Glucose and Insulin

24
Q

What does gluconeogensis do?

A

Make Glucose

25
Q

What is the cost to make Glucose?

A

4 ATP
2 GTP
2 NADH + H

26
Q

What is the point of regulation in gluconeogenesis?

A

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase 1 dephosphorylating F 1,6 BP to Fructose 6 Phosphate

27
Q

What can be converted to glucose when you have surpassed your aerobic ability?

A

Lactate

28
Q

What is driven by Pyruvate Conversion to PEP?

A

Gluconeogensis

29
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase converts bicarbonate and Pyruvate to what?

A

Oxaloacetate

30
Q

What is Oxaloacetate converted into?

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate

31
Q

How many pyruvate are required to eventually make 1 glucose?

A

2

32
Q

What 4 things regulate gluconeogenesis?

A

PFK-1
FBPase-1
Insulin
Acetyl CoA

33
Q

How does PFK-1 regulate Gluconeogenesis?

A

down regulates by converting F6P to F1,6P to drive glycolysis

34
Q

How does FBPase regulate Gluconeogenesis?

A

Dephosphorylates F1,6P to convert it to F6P and drive Gluconeogenesis

35
Q

How does Insulin regulate Gluconeogenesis?

A

down regulates it by de-activating fox transcription factor (inhibiting transcription of PEP Carboxylase and Glucose 6 phosphatase)

36
Q

How does Acetyl-CoA regulate Gluconeogenesis?

A

acts in a feedback loop to:

  • inhibit conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
  • Up regulate conversion of oxaloacetate
37
Q

Levels of what help regulate intracellular metabolic function?

A

ATP/AMP levels (Detected by AMPK)

38
Q

What happens in a Feeding (insulin) state?

A

increase glucose uptake, store extra as glycogen

39
Q

What happens in a fasting (glucagon) state?

A

increase glucose release by breaking down glycogen

Biochemisty (23 decks)

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