What’s cancer
Term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and invade nearby tissues
How does cancer invade nearby cells
Spreads by blood and lymphatic system
Causes of cancer
Environmental/lifestyle factors
Environmental carcinogens
Diet- alcohol
Genetics
Inherited -brca in breast cancer
Somatic - RAS in pancreatic cancer
Oncogene is
Gene when mutated or overexpressed , contributes development of cancer
Tumour suppressors leading to cancer
Usually both alleles are required to be disrupted to disrupt function
In G1 what decision is taken
To enter S phase
End of G what decision is taken
To enter M phase
Apoptosis is included in response to
DNA damage
Oncogene activation
Apoptosis is regulated by
P53
P53 is a
Tumour suppresses
Every cell cycle is risk for?
Mutation
as cancer cells keep dividing what happens
cells become starved of nutrients
after cells are starved of nutrients what happens next
necrosis starts and cells trigger angiogenesis
cancer cells secrete factors that
drive angiogenesis
things needed to activate invasion and metastasis
- altered cell adhesion
- increased motility and local invasion
- intravasation, survival in circulation
- increased motility and local invasion at distal site
metastasis cascade?
divsion new vessel forming to supply new cells embolism transport of embolsim through organs adherance to wall extravasation metastasis
seed and soil hypothesis
local secretion of particular growth factors or chemokines needed by particular tumours may also be a factor
which metastasis spreads the fastest
lung
which metastasis spreads second fastest
breast
which metastasis spreads 3rd slowest
colorectal
which metastasis spreads slowest
prostate cancer