Cancer and Chemotherapy Flashcards Preview

NUR2790 (Exam #1) > Cancer and Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Flashcards in Cancer and Chemotherapy Deck (27)
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1
Q

Define Cancer

A

Genetic Disease
Mutations and genetic alterations in specific regulatory genes which cause normal cell to become cancerous
- Accumulation of multiple genetic aberrations, not a single lesion

2
Q

Cancer arises from what which can result from

A

Loss of normal growth control

- Caused by uncotrolled cell growth or loss of a cell’s ability to undergo apoptosis

3
Q

Cancer Cell Characteristics

A

Excessive autonomous uncontrolled cell growth (doesn’t need commands on when to proliferate)
Local invasion of surrounding tissues
Genetic instability (some damage leads to lots)
Defective differentiation
Distant metastasis

4
Q

Cell grows when they shouldn’t →

A

forming a tumor

5
Q

Cell grow where they shouldn’t →

A

Causing invasion and metastasis

6
Q

ABL mutated in

A

Leukemias

7
Q

APC mutated in

A

Colon cancer

8
Q

Cancer cell genes coding for:

A

o Cell cycle control and differentiation, are repressed, inactivated or work imperfectly (tumor-suppressor genes)
o Proliferation are left on and their activity increase (proto-oncogenes)

9
Q

Define Benign Cancers

A
	End in –OMA
	Genomic stability is intact
	Non cancerous growth
	Do not metastasize
	Do not recur after surgery
10
Q

Define Malignant Cancers

A
	End in CARCINOMA
	Genome highly unstable
	Highly invasive
	Metastasis
	Recurrence is frequent
11
Q

Caricinomas prevalence and cancer of:

A

90% of all human cancers

Skin, lining of internal organs

12
Q

Sarcomas Cancer of

A

Connective tissues

13
Q

Leukemia & lymphomas prevalence and cancer of:

A

8% of all human cancers and cancer of blood-forming cells and cells of immune systems

14
Q

Define Tumor Heterogeneity

A

Cancer cells in a given tumor are genetically heterogenous

15
Q

Tumor Growth Fraction High vs Low

A

o A tissue with a large percentage of proliferating cells and a few cells in G0 has a HIGH GROWTH FRACTION (high proliferating = bad cancer)
o A tissue composed of mostly cells in G0 has a low growth fraction

16
Q

Chemo works better in what growth fraction?

A

o Chemotherapy is more toxic to tissues with HIGH growth fraction, whether they are normal or tumor

17
Q

Define Metastasis

A

 Spread of cells from a site of origin to distant sites (organs)

18
Q

Naming of metastasis cancers

A

o Metastatic cancers have the same name as the ORIGINAL CANCER
 Breast cancer that has spread to the lung is metastatic breast cancer NOT lung cancer

19
Q

Stage 0 Tumor

A

Carcinoma in situ

20
Q

Stage 1,2,3 Tumor

A

Greater tumor sze

21
Q

Stage 4 Tumor

A

T4

Spread to another organ

22
Q

HPV leads to

A

cervical and genital cancer

23
Q

EBV leads to

A

Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

24
Q

Hep B/C leads to

A

hepatoma

25
Q

HIV leads to

A

Kaposi sarcoma

26
Q

Which cancers can be cured?

A
o	Acute leukemia
o	NHL
o	HL (Hodgkin’s lymphoma(
o	Wilm’s tumor Eqing’s sarcoma
o	Retinoblastoma
o	Rhabdomyosarcoma
o	Testicular carcinoma
o	Choriocarcinoma
27
Q

Phases of Cell Cycle

A

 G1: cells are getting ready to replicate
 S: DNA is replicated
 G2: cells are getting ready to split
 M: cells split