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Flashcards in C Deck (42)
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1
Q

Case grammar

A

An approach in psycholinguistics in which the meaning of a sentence is determined by analysing the semantic roles or cases played by different words, such as which word names the overall relationship and which names the agent or patient of the action. Other cases include time, location and manner.

2
Q

Case role (also semantic case)

A

One of the various semantic roles or functions of different words in a sentence.

3
Q

Categorical perception

A

The perception of similar language sounds as being the same phoneme, despite the minor physical differences among them; for example, the classification of initial sounds of cool and keep as both being the /k/(hard c) phoneme, even though these initial sounds differ physically.

4
Q

Category-specific deficit

A

A disruption in which a person loses access to one semantic category of words or concepts while not losing others.

5
Q

Central executive

A

In Baddeley’s working memory system, the mechanism responsible for assessing the attentional needs of the different subsystems and furnishing attentional resources to those subsystems.

Any executive or monitoring component of the memory system that is responsible for sequencing activities, keeping track of processes already completed, and diverting attention from one activity to another can be called an executive controller.

6
Q

Central tendency

A

The idea that there is some mental core or centre to the category where the best members will be found.

7
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

NEOCORTEX

8
Q

Cerebral hemispheres (left and right)

A

The two major structures in the neocortex. In most people the left cerebral hemisphere is especially responsible for language and other symbolic processing, and the right for nonverbal perceptual processing.

9
Q

Cerebral lateralisation

A

The principle that different functions or actions within the brain tend to be localised in one or the other hemisphere. For instance, moron control of the left side of the body is lateralised in the right hemisphere of the brain.

10
Q

change blindness

A

The failure to notice changes in visual stimuli (e.g. photographs) when those changes occur during a saccade.

11
Q

Channel capacity

A

An early analogy for the limited capacity of the human information-processing system.

12
Q

Characteristic feature

A

In the Smith et al. (1974) model of semantic memory, characteristic features are the features and properties of a concept that are common but not essential to the meaning of the concept; for example, ‘eat worms’ may be characteristic of ‘BIRD’, but the feature is not essential to the central meaning of the concept (contrasts with definition feature).

13
Q

Chunk

A

A unit or grouping of information held in short-term memory.

14
Q

Classic view of categorisation

A

The view that takes the position that people create and use categories based on a system of rules that define necessary and sufficient features.

15
Q

Clustering

A

The grouping together of related items during recall (e.g. recalling the words apple, pear, banana, orange together in a cluster, regardless of their order of presentation).

16
Q

Coarticulation

A

The simultaneous or overlapping articulation of two or more of the phonemes in a word.

17
Q

Cognition

A

The collection of mental processes and activities used in perceiving, remembering, thinking, and understanding, and the act of using those processes.

18
Q

Cognitive science

A

A new term designating the study of cognition from the multiple standpoints of psychology, linguistics, computer science and neuroscience.

19
Q

Competence

A

In linguistics the internalised knowledge of language and its rules that fully fluent speakers of a language possess, uncontaminated by flaws in performance (contrasts with performance).

20
Q

Conceptual knowledge

A

The fourth level of analysis of language in Miller’s scheme, roughly equivalent to semantic memory.

21
Q

Conceptually driven processing (top-down processing)

A

Mental processing is said to be conceptually driven when it is guided and assisted by the knowledge already store in memory (contrasts with data-driven processing).

22
Q

Conditional reasoning

A

The form of reasoning in which logical consequences of an if-then statement and some evidence are determined; for example, given ‘if it rains, then the picnic will be cancelled,’ the phrase ‘is is raining’ determines whether the picnic is cancelled.

23
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

A disruption of language in which the peso is unable to repeat what has just been heard.

24
Q

Confirmation bias

A

In reasoning, the tendency to search for evidence that confirms a conclusion.

25
Q

Conjunction fallacy

A

The mistaken belief that a compound of two characteristics can be more likely that either one of the characteristics by itself.

26
Q

Connectionism (connectionist)

A

The terms refer to a recent development in cognitive theory, based on the notions that several levels of knowledge necessary for performance can be represented as massive, interconnected networks.

Performance consisted of a high level of parallel processing among several levels of knowledge; and that the basic building block of the interconnected networks is the simple connection between nodes stored in memory.

For instance, perception of spoken speech involves several levels of knowledge: knowledge of phonology, lexical information, syntax and semantics.

Processing at each level continually interacts with and influences processing at other levels, in parallel. The connections in connectionist modelling are the network pathways both within and among the levels of knowledge.

27
Q

Conscious attention

A

Awareness; a slower attentional mechanism especially influenced by top-down processing.

28
Q

Conscious processing

A

Mental processing that is intentional, involves conscious awareness, and consumes mental resources (contrasts with automatic, automaticity).

29
Q

Consequent

A

In conditional reasoning, the consequent is the ‘then’ statement; in ‘if it rains, then the picnic will be cancelled,’ the consequent is ‘then the picnic will be cancelled’.

30
Q

Consolidation

A

The more permanent establishment of memories in neural architecture.

31
Q

Context

A

The surrounding situation and its effect on cognition, including the concepts and ideas activated during comprehension.

32
Q

Contralaterality

A

The principle that control of one side of the body is localised in the opposite side cerebral hemisphere. The fact that the left hand, for instance, is largely under the control of there right cerebral hemisphere illustrates the principle of contralaterality.

33
Q

Control processes

A

The part of the standard (Atkinson and Shiffrin) model of memory responsible for the active manipulation of information in short-term memory.

34
Q

Controlled attention

A

The deliberate, voluntary allocation of mental effort or concentration.

35
Q

Conversational rules

A

The rules, largely tacit, that govern our participation in and contributions to conversations.

36
Q

Cooperative rules

A

The most basic conversational postulate, stating that participants cooperate by sharing information in an honest, sincere and appropriate fashion.

37
Q

Corps callosum

A

The fibre of neurons that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

38
Q

Correlated attributes

A

Features that tend to co-occur in various members of a category.

39
Q

Cost

A

A response slower than baseline because of the misleading cue.

40
Q

Counterfactual reasoning

A

A line of reasoning the deliberately contradicts the facts in a ‘what if’ kind of way; in the simulation heuristic, the changing of details or events in a story to alter the (unfortunate or undesirable) outcome.

41
Q

Cryptomnesia

A

When a person unconsciously plagiarises something hear or read and because he or she forgot the source mistakenly thinks it is an original idea.

42
Q

Cued recall

A

A form of recall in which the person is presented with part of the information as a cue to retrieve the rest of the information.