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A Level History > BRITAIN Chartism part 2 > Flashcards

BRITAIN Chartism part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When was there a brief revival of working-class radicalism?

A

During reform struggle of 1830-32, but working people were disillusioned by its outcome

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2
Q

Which three groups came together to create a national petition in support of the Six Points of the People’s Charter?

A

LMWA; BPU; GNU

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3
Q

When did three groups come together to create a national petition in support of the Six Points of the People’s Charter?

A

1838

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4
Q

Who drew up the Six Points of the People’s Charter?

A

William Lovett

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5
Q

When was support for the Chartist movement very popular?

A

In times of economic hardship and high unemployment

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6
Q

Who did Chartism never succeed in drawing to its ranks?

A

Highly skilled workers; farm workers in rural counties

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7
Q

Why was it a surprise that many women supported Chartism?

A

It would not embrace female suffrage

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8
Q

When were women most active in the Chartist movement?

A

In the early years, especially in activities such as supporting imprisoned Chartists and their families

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9
Q

When did the number of women supporting the Chartist movement decline?

A

Early 1840s

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10
Q

Why had many middle-class supporters left Chartism by 1839?

A

Alienated by the threatening language of a number of its speakers

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11
Q

What is an important reason for the failure of Chartism?

A

Determination of Whig and Tory governments to resist radical demands and oppose Chartist violence by any means at their disposal

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12
Q

When was the Metropolitan Police in London founded?

A

1829

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13
Q

What were the Six Points of the People’s Charter?

A

Universal male suffrage; secret ballot; constituencies of equal size; abolition of property qualifications for MPs; annual parliaments; payment of MPs

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14
Q

When were the Six Points of the People’s Charter approved?

A

August 1838

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15
Q

Where were the Six Points of the People’s Charter approved?

A

At a meeting of leading radicals in Birmingham

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16
Q

When was working-class interest in reform revived?

A

Late 1820s

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17
Q

What pushed many working people towards radical politics after 1832?

A

Disillusion with the Reform Act; Whig government

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18
Q

When were there trade depressions that contributed to the interest in Chartism?

A

1839; 1842; 1848

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19
Q

How did the Chartists feel about many of the policies carried out by the Whigs post-1832?

A

Strongly opposed to them

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20
Q

Why did the Chartists feel as if the Whigs didn’t support them?

A

Attacks on issues such as the rights of trade unions; failure to provide effective reform of factory conditions

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21
Q

When was the Irish Coercion Act?

A

1833

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22
Q

What had freed Irish Catholics from most of their civil disabilities?

A

Catholic Relief Act 1829

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23
Q

Irish Coercion Act 1833

A

One of most repressive pieces of Irish legislation of the 19th century- Lord Lieutenant of Ireland was given wide powers to suppress any public meetings; arbitrary arrest became commonplace; offenders were to be tried by court martial rather than in the civil courts

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24
Q

How did radicals feel about the Irish Coercion Act 1833?

A

Shocked radicals throughout Britain- they feared that if Whigs were prepared to act so harshly in Ireland, they might impose similar restrictions on British radicalism

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25
Q

What led to the re-establishment of many trade unions?

A

Repeal of the Combination Acts 1824

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26
Q

When was the government’s determination to limit the power of trade unions confirmed?

A

Glasgow weavers’ strike of 1837, which led to 18 leaders of the Spinners’ Union being tried on various charges and sentenced to 7 years transportation

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27
Q

When was the war of the unstamped?

A

1831-36

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28
Q

When had newspapers been taxed since?

A

1712

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29
Q

Why had newspapers always been taxed?

A

To restrict their circulation and keep them out of the hands of ordinary people

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30
Q

When had Britain imposed stamp duties on the American colonies?

A

1765

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31
Q

What had the imposition of stamp duties on the American colonies contributed to?

A

American Revolution of 1775

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32
Q

Who founded ‘The Poor Man’s Guardian’?

A

Henry Hetherington

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33
Q

When was ‘The Poor Man’s Guardian’ founded?

A

1831

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34
Q

The Poor Man’s Guardian

A

Unstamped newspaper sold for one penny; had a weekly circulation of 220,000 copies within 2 years

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35
Q

What did the government reduce the stamp tax on newspapers to originally?

A

One penny

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36
Q

Why did the government reduce and eventually abolish the stamp tax on newspapers?

A

Sustained pressure from Henry Hetherington and other radicals

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37
Q

When did the government abolish the stamp tax on newspapers?

A

1836

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38
Q

How did the war of the unstamped embolden those hoping for political reform?

A

Revealed that a co-ordinated campaign of extra-parliamentary pressure could force a change in government policies

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39
Q

Who specifically was inspired by the war of the unstamped?

A

William Lovett

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40
Q

What did Hetherington help to draw up?

A

People’s Charter

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41
Q

What did Sir Robert Peel sponsor in the early 1820s?

A

Measures to limit the hours children under 16 could work in cotton factories- but without a system of regular inspections they were largely ignored

42
Q

When was the slave trade abolished?

A

1807

43
Q

When was slavery abolished in Britain?

A

1833

44
Q

Factory Act 1833

A

Factory owners could not employ children under the age of 9; those aged 9-18 could work for a maximum of 12 hours; child workers were to be given some education; 4 inspectors appointed to enforce the Act

45
Q

Why did the Whigs primarily introduce the Factory Act 1833?

A

Weaken appeal of Ten Hours movement

46
Q

Ten Hour movement

A

Short Time Committees in 1830 in Yorkshire and Lancashire campaigned for a ten-hour day for all factory workers

47
Q

Why were the Short Time Committees disappointed by the Factory Act 1833?

A

They had hoped that legislation would be introduced to regulate adult employment

48
Q

Which measure passed by the Whigs in the 1830s produced the most sustained opposition and resistance?

A

Poor Law Amendment 1834

49
Q

Where did the Poor Law Amendment 1834 meet the most resistance?

A

Northern towns

50
Q

What was provision for poor relief governed by until 1834?

A

Elizabethan Poor Law 1601

51
Q

Why did the government amend the old Poor Law?

A

Population had more than doubled since 1601; several areas of the country had been transformed by industrialisation; old Poor law very expensive; frequent calls for reform from middle-class ratepayers

52
Q

What did the Poor Law Amendment 1834 introduce?

A

A new principle of poor relief, that of ‘less eligibility’; workhouses

53
Q

When was the Poor Law Amendment 1834 applied in the agricultural south?

A

From 1836- met with little serious opposition

54
Q

Why was the Poor Law Amendment not suited to the economic conditions in the industrial towns?

A

Trade cycles

55
Q

When was the Poor Law Amendment 1834 extended to the northern towns?

A

1837

56
Q

When was the economic depression in the north?

A

1838-42

57
Q

When did Anti-Poor Law Committees flourish from?

A

1837

58
Q

When was there a food riot in Stockport that led to an attack on the town’s workhouse?

A

1842

59
Q

When did various strands of radicalism come together to form the Chartist movement?

A

1836-38

60
Q

When was the LMWA formed?

A

1836

61
Q

Who formed the LMWA?

A

William Lovett

62
Q

What was the membership of the LMWA like?

A

Small membership of a few hundred politically aware artisans, such as tailors and other craftsmen

63
Q

What was the monthly membership fee of the LMWA?

A

One shilling

64
Q

What were the aims of the LMWA?

A

Promotion of political and social rights; development of educational opportunities for all

65
Q

East London Democratic Organisation

A

Formed in 1837- appealed to the poorer members of the working class; prepared to use physical force

66
Q

When did the ELDO oppose the LMWA until?

A

Until the National Charter Association was founded in 1840, at which time it became part of this new body

67
Q

What type of force did the LMWA promote?

A

Moral force

68
Q

When did Lovett and his radical colleagues draft a series of proposals that became the People’s Charter?

A

May 1837

69
Q

When had the BPU originally declined in importance?

A

Once the Reform Act had passed into law

70
Q

Why did Attwood reorganise the BPU?

A

In response to the depression that hit several Midland towns that year

71
Q

Why did the BPU fail to secure widespread support at first?

A

Its modest demands focused on household rather than universal suffrage

72
Q

When did Attwood relaunch the BPU on a more radical programme?

A

November 1837

73
Q

What did the more radical programme of the BPU include?

A

Universal suffrage, which would be presented to parliament, backed by a huge national petition

74
Q

Who formed the GNU?

A

Feargus O’Connor

75
Q

When was O’Connor elected for County Cork as MP?

A

1832

76
Q

When was O’Connor disqualified as an MP?

A

1835

77
Q

Why was O’Connor disqualified as an MP?

A

He did not possess the necessary property qualifications

78
Q

When did O’Connor tour northern England and establish several local radical associations?

A

Late 1835

79
Q

Why did O’Connor gain widespread support in the northern towns?

A

Brilliant and persuasive orator

80
Q

Who supported O’Connor?

A

Unskilled English workers; growing number of Irish immigrants working in the industrial north

81
Q

When was the GNU established?

A

O’Connor combined his different organisations into the GNU in 1837

82
Q

What was O’Connor’s newspaper called?

A

Northern Star

83
Q

What was the circulation of the ‘Northern Star’ in 1839?

A

Over 50,000

84
Q

What was the initial circulation of the ‘Northern Star’?

A

10,000

85
Q

When did the LMWA and the BPU attend a mass meeting in Glasgow of 200,000 people?

A

May 1838

86
Q

Why did O’Connor not take up the cause of the People’s Charter immediately?

A

He did not wish to lose control of the GNU; deep personal disagreements with Lovett

87
Q

Why did Lovett disapprove of O’Connor?

A

O’Connor’s deliberate courting of unskilled workers; fiery language of his speeches; his egotism

88
Q

When did the GNU adopt the People’s Charter and the national petition?

A

At the Birmingham meeting in August 1838

89
Q

Why did O’Connor change his mind about the People’s Charter?

A

He realised that Chartism was gaining widespread national support that could easily diminish the GNU

90
Q

When was the National Convention?

A

February 1839

91
Q

What did Lovett and the LWMA view the People’s Charter as?

A

Primarily a political document; reaction to Reform Act and Whig government’s policies

92
Q

What did many supporters in the Midlands believe that Chartism was there for?

A

Economic rather than political factors- wage levels

93
Q

When was one of the largest meetings of Chartists?

A

Kersal Moor outside Manchester in September 1838

94
Q

How many people attended the Kersal Moor Chartist meeting?

A

50,000

95
Q

What were most of the delegates at the National Convention?

A

Shopkeepers, tradesmen, doctors, newspaper editors

96
Q

What divided the Chartists at the National Convention?

A

Sort of action Chartists should take after the petition was rejected

97
Q

What were examples of peaceful protest suggested at the National Convention?

A

‘Exclusive dealing’; ‘sacred month’

98
Q

Why was the suggestion of a ‘sacred month’ not accepted by everyone at the National Convention?

A

It carried with it the possibility that violence might be used

99
Q

When did Chartists hold a meeting in the Bull Ring, challenging a ban on such meetings imposed by local magistrates?

A

July 1839

100
Q

What led to Lovett’s arrest and imprisonment?

A

He prompted the Convention to denounce the police action used at the Bull Ring

A Level History (34 decks)

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