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Vet Nursing > Breeding and Reproduction > Flashcards

Breeding and Reproduction Flashcards

All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.

1
Q

What is gynecology

A

The study of the female reproductive system

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2
Q

What is Theriogenealogy

A

Study of animal reproduction

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3
Q

What is obstetrics

A

The study of the female reproductive system involving pregnancy, parturition, and purperium

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4
Q

What six things make up the female reproductive tract

A

Ovaries, oviduct, uterus, vagina, Vulva, external genitalia

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5
Q

Describe the anatomy of the female reproductive tract

A

Why shaped uterus in most. Body extenze in caudal direction. Two uterine horns project cranially. Suspended by the broad ligament. Oviduct extends from the tips of the uterine horns.

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6
Q

What does the ovary do

A

Produces both gametes and hormones.

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7
Q

Which hormones are produced by the ovary

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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8
Q

What produces estrogen in the ovary

A

The follicle

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9
Q

What produces progesterone in the ovary

A

The corpus luteum

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10
Q

List the four layers of the ovary

A

Germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, cortex: that contains the follicle and corpus luteum, Medulla

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11
Q

List the steps of development for the primordial follicle

A

Primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, develop antral tertiary follicle, antral follicle, ovulating follicle, corpus luteum, corpus albicans(If animal is not pregnant)

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12
Q

What are the three parts of the oviducts

A

Infundibulum, Ampulla, isthmus

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13
Q

What is the infundibulum

A

Fingers that hold and grab the egg

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14
Q

What is the ampulla

A

Where the egg is fertilized

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15
Q

What is the isthmus

A

Opens four days after fertilization

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16
Q

What are the six functions of the uterus

A

Reception of fertilized ova, sperm transport, luteolysis, environment for pre-attachment of embryo, nutrition and production of fetus, expulsion of fetus and placenta

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17
Q

What does luteolysis trigger

A

The release of prostaglandins that start proestrus If you’re not pregnant.

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18
Q

What does the shape of the uterus depend on

A

Species, horns and body vary

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19
Q

Describe marsupial reproductive organs

A

Marsupials have a hemipene and females have a transitial vagina

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20
Q

How many incisions do rabbits and marsupials require to deliver by C-section

A

Two. One per horn

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21
Q

Describe the layers of the uterus from outside to inside

A

Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

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22
Q

Describe the myometrium

A

Tone with estrogen, used to transport sperm. Low tone present from progesterone minimizes fetal movement. Inner layer changes during the cycle at endometrium

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23
Q

When does a pyo occur

A

2 months after heat

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24
Q

What is pus

A

Accumulation of neutrophils

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25
Q

What happens when we have a Pyo

A

We often get anemia secondary to chronic infection

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26
Q

Describe the cervix

A

Close access to uterus from vagina, opens only during estrus or parturition. It’s folds can make artificial insemination difficult. Cervix also secretes mucus and can have single or multiple folds.

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27
Q

Describe the vagina

A

Acts as a copulatory organ, and to pass newborns. Caudal vagina has stratified squamous epithelium. Epithelial cells are modified by hormonal changes. During estrus the vagina thickens dramatically and prevents microbes from gaining entrance to vasculature of the submucosa.

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28
Q

What is andrology

A

The study of the male reproductive system

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29
Q

Describe the hymen

A

Connection from the vagina to the vestibule or volva

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30
Q

What is the urethra

A

It is where we catheterize for urine. Enters into the vagina

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31
Q

What is the vestibule

A

Two labia, clitoris, arise from the primitive cloaca

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32
Q

Describe the Bony structure of the pelvis

A

Sacrum️caudal vertebrae Ossa coxarum (ilium, ischium, pubis)Acetabulum Ligaments - sacroiliac, sacrosciatic, prepublication tendonPelvic inlet

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33
Q

What does Mono estrus Mean

A

One estrous cycle per year

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34
Q

What does polyestrous mean

A

Many estrus cycles per year

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35
Q

What is a seasonal polyestrous

A

One estrous cycle per season

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36
Q

What is the follicular phase

A

More estrogen (proestrus, estrus). The time the follicle predominates

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37
Q

What is the luteal phase

A

When the corpus luteum predominates (metestrus)

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38
Q

What is proestrus

A

Graafian follicle is growing under the influence of FSH causing estrogen to be produced

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39
Q

What is estrus

A

Desire. Estrogen causes cilia to move in oviducts. Lutenizing hormone is released and triggers ovulation. Some induced Ovulators require coitis before luteinizing hormone surge occurs.( Cats rabbits ferrets)

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40
Q

Describe metestrus

A

Corpus luteum starts to grow due to luteinizing hormone

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41
Q

Describe diestrus

A

corpus luteum is mature and produces progesterone

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42
Q

Describe Anestrus

A

Menopause. Ovaries are not currently working

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43
Q

What are the signs of estrus

A

Agitation, decreased appetite, vocalization, discharge, mounting

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44
Q

What is gestation

A

The period from fertilization to parturition. Early deaths of the early embryo with reabsorption is considered sterile

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45
Q

What is abortion

A

Delivery of a dead fetus

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46
Q

What is birth

A

Delivery of an alive fetus

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47
Q

What is embryology

A

Study of development and growth of the individual embryo

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48
Q

What is teratology

A

Study of drugs with pregnancy

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49
Q

What is implantation

A

When blastocysts nest into the endometrium

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50
Q

What is the period of the embryo

A

Evolution of a blastocyst

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51
Q

What is the period of fetal development

A

Evolution of development of organs and animal shape. Is the dangerous period If exposed to chemicals

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52
Q

What is the third period

A

The period of fetal growth

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53
Q

What is the fetal membrane and placenta function

A

Protection, transfer nutrients, remove waste, secrete hormones

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54
Q

What is the meconium

A

The first stool of the new born

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55
Q

Describe the attachment of a fetus to uterus

A

The placenta

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56
Q

What is a fetal placenta called

A

Chorioallantois

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57
Q

What is the maternal placenta called

A

Endometrium

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58
Q

Describe the classification of placenta

A

Damage caused to the endometrium, microscopic appearance, histologic appearance

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59
Q

Describe a deciduous placenta

A

Causes a lot of damage (cats, dogs, humans)

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60
Q

Describe a non-deciduous placenta

A

Won’t cause much damage

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61
Q

Describe a defused placenta

A

Uniform villous attachment (horse/ pig)

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62
Q

Describe a cotyledonary placenta

A

Cotyledon of the chorioallantois contacts the caruncles of the endometrium (placentome)

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63
Q

Describe a zonary placenta

A

Band of villous attachment (carnivore)

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64
Q

Describe a discoid placenta

A

The disk area of a placenta (primates, rodents)

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65
Q

How do you histologically classify placentas

A

The method is based on the number of layers between the maternal and fetal blood

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66
Q

What do more layers mean

A

Less antibodies between mom and baby

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67
Q

What is epitheliochorial

A

Has all 6 layers (horse, pig)

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68
Q

What is syndesmochorial mean

A

Has 5 layers, epithelium of uterus is gone (cows)

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69
Q

What is endotheliochorial

A

4 layers, epithelium and c.t of uterus is gone. Chorionic epithelium of the fetus is in direct contact with the endothelium of the endometrium (which has capillaries) (carnivores)

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70
Q

What is hemochorial mean

A

3 layers, blood vessel of endometrium is in direct contact with chorion (no maternal endothelium). So there is more exchange of antibodies, as well as possible immune reactions (humans)

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71
Q

What is hemoendothelial

A

Only one layer present, maternal blood is in contact with capillary bed of chorionic epithelium (Lagomorpha and rodents)

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72
Q

What is the classification of a ruminant placenta

A

Non deciduous cotyledonary syndesmochorial placentation

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73
Q

Describe a canine placenta

A

Deciduous zonary endotheliochorial placentation

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74
Q

Describe a human placenta

A

Deciduous discoid hemochorial placentation

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75
Q

Describe puerperal changes

A

The cervical Canal is closed by mucous plug developing from the first month and projecting through the external cervical opening. There are gestational affects on other systems such as a displaced stomach and intestine, decreased blood return from vena cava. Pressure of the thorax decreases pulmonary ventilation during pregnancy.

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76
Q

What is Parturition

A

Includes the various physiological processes of the birth of young including the delivery of the fetus and placenta and the involution of the uterus. Animals must be fed a balance ration in an amount to provide the necessary food groups so that at parturition she is neither fat nor thin

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77
Q

What should the temperature be during parturition

A

85 to 95°F

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78
Q

What are the signs of parturition

A

Each becomes quieter, the vulva becomes flaccid, enlarged and Edematous. Increased respiratory rate and panting occurs and all species could interrupt the birth process if disturbed

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79
Q

Describe stage 1 of parturition

A

Time varies depending on Species Contractions occur, visible or nonvisible depending on the species. Restless, anxious, panting, nesting, body temperature rises, chorioallantois can break and leak out

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80
Q

Describe stage 2 of parturition

A

Expulsion of the fetus. Time varies on species (canine 15 min, 6 hours cow, horse 1-2hr). Time also varies on litter. Amnion can break or be presented in the sac

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81
Q

Describe stage 3 of parturition

A

Passing of the placenta. 20-30 mins. If retained- problem. Usually comes out after each pup or kitten

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82
Q

Describe the post partium period

A

Uterine involution. Depending on placenta type and endometrial damage. Can be as little as 4 weeks to 3 months.

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83
Q

What is lochia

A

Accumulation of debris in uterus post partium. Black green material which exits uterus, not smelly, normal discharge. It can last 2 weeks. Only a concern of animal not feeling well or newborn is doing poorly.

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84
Q

What is the embryonic stage of lactation

A

Cellular differentiation from other tissues

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85
Q

What is the pre puberty stage of lactation

A

Increase in connective and adipose tissue, no glandular tissue.

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86
Q

Describe the post puberty stage of lactation

A

Development of secretory cells and canals, effect of many hormones.

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87
Q

Describe the gestation stage of lactation

A

Most of the development takes place, especially near the end.

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88
Q

Describe the beginning of lactation stage of lactation

A

Maximum amount of milk produced is not reached

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89
Q

How milk is ejected

A

Nerve receptors in skin, nerve, hypothalamus, oxytocin released, action on myoepithelial cells, milk ejection

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90
Q

Where does the testes develop

A

In the fetal abdomen and descend into the scrotum before birth

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91
Q

What is the shape of the testes

A

Similar shape and consistence: ovoid and firm

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92
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue capsul on the testes

A

Tunica albuginea

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93
Q

What is the septa

A

Extensions from the tunica albuginea into the testes. Divide the testis into lobules, support the seminiferous tubules

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94
Q

What are lobules

A

Contain the seminiferous tubules

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95
Q

What is function of the seminiferous tubules

A

Produce spermatozoa

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96
Q

What are Sertoli cells

A

Nurse function for developing spermatozoa

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97
Q

What are leydig cells

A

Interstitial cells with endocrine function

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98
Q

What is the scrotum

A

Cutaneous sac surrounding testes. Divided into 2 cavities by medium septum. Contains the testes, epididymis and distal portion of the sermatic cord

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99
Q

What is the vaginal tunic

A

Extension of the peritoneum called the tunica vaginalia. Covers the spermatic cord, epididymis and the testes

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100
Q

What are the three regions or the epididymis

A

The head, body and tail

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101
Q

What are the functions of the epididymis

A

Transports, feeds, stores and matures sperm as well as reabsorbs dead sperm

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102
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain

A

Testicular artery and vein, lymphatics , autonomic nerves, ductus deferens, cremaster muscle, tunica vaginalis

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103
Q

What is the vas deferens

A

Continuation of tail of epididymis. Goes into abdomen via inguinal rings, fuses with urethra just after the neck of the bladder

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104
Q

What is an ampulla

A

Enlarged area of a tube or canal that’s used for the storage of aperm

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105
Q

What are the 4 accessory sex glands

A

Prostate, bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles, other glands

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106
Q

What is a prostrate and where is it found

A

Located at the base of the bladder. Adds it’s secretions to the sperm during ejaculation

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107
Q

Where is the bulbourethral gland and what does it do

A

Caudal to prostate, secretes mucus

108
Q

What are the seminal vesicles used for

A

Add nutrition and buffers to sperm

109
Q

What are the other accessory sex glands

A

Coagulating glands,Glands of the ductus deferensPreputial glands

110
Q

What is the urethra and where is it located

A

Long tube from the urinary bladder to the glans penis. Serves both reproductive and urinary systems

111
Q

What are the two types of penis

A

Fibroelastic or vascular

112
Q

Describe a dogs penis

A

Has os penis and bulbus glands that form a bulb in the vagina

113
Q

Describe cat penis

A

Has penile spines

114
Q

Describe a ruminant penis

A

Has a sigmoid flexure and fibroelastic penis.

115
Q

Describe a pig penis

A

Anterior part of a penis that has a corkscrew shape

116
Q

Describe a goat penis

A

Has a urethral process in the shape of a hook

117
Q

Describe the prepuce

A

Forms a sheath around the glans penis

118
Q

What is paraphimosis

A

Cannot get it back in

119
Q

Phimosis

A

Cannot get it out

120
Q

Describe the inguinal canal

A

Spermatic cord leaves the testis and enters the abdominal cavity by the way of the inguinal canal. It is formed by the abdominal muscles

121
Q

What happens when you have weakened inguinal canal muscles

A

Hernias

122
Q

Describe temperature regulation

A

Achieved by the scrotum, the cremaster muscle, and the pampering plexus. Important for the development of sperm where the body temperature can be spermicidal

123
Q

What does the hypothalamus do

A

Produced GnRH to stimulate the pituitary to produce FSH and LH

124
Q

What does FSH do

A

Stimulate Sertoli cells and produce estrogen

125
Q

What is LH

A

Stimulates testosterone by leydig cells

126
Q

Describe crypt orchidism

A

Failure to descend can result in retention anywhere from its origin, into the inguinal canal, along the vaginal tunic. Can be bilateral or unilateral. Is genetically controlled

127
Q

Erection and profusion of penis

A

Occur as a result of sexual stimulation causing dilation of the arteries and stiffening of the penis.

128
Q

What is emission

A

Movement of spermatic fluid along the ductus deferens to the urethra

129
Q

What is ejaculation

A

The passage of Deneb along the penile urethra brought about by striated muscles

130
Q

What is the principal of artificial insemination

A

Collect the male, examine sperm, divide it into aliquots

131
Q

What are 6 advantages to AI

A

Genetic improvementControl of venereal diseaseAvailability of accurate breeding records necessary for good herd management. EconomicSafety through elimination of dangerous animals Use for difficult females who don’t want to breed

132
Q

What are three methods to obtain semen

A

ElectroejaculationDummiesManual collection

133
Q

What are the 4 steps of ivf

A

Hormone treatmentRemove spermRemove eggsPlace in a test tube

134
Q

What are the advantages of embryo transfer

A

More progeny

135
Q

What is the function of the testis

A

Production of sperm and hormones

136
Q

How long does proestrus last

A

2 days

137
Q

How long does estrus last

A

14-18hrs

138
Q

How long is metestrus

A

3 days

139
Q

What is diestrus

A

Period of corpus luteum, where it produces progesterone and is functional for 17 days of the cycle

140
Q

When does ovulation occur and what triggers it

A

Ovulation is spontaneous and occurs 12-14hrs after the end of estrus

141
Q

Describe the reproductive anatomy of the female heifer

A

Heifers: uterus lies within the pelvic canal

142
Q

Describes the reproductive anatomy of the female older cow

A

The uterus falls into the abdominal cavity quickly once pregnant.

143
Q

What happens to sperm production to the bull in the summer

A

They produce sperm throughout the year, but a decline in numbers once the summer occurs

144
Q

What three factors influence puberty

A

NutritionBreedSex

145
Q

When is puberty in female reached

A

When the first external signs of estrus occur

146
Q

When do tests descend in the male

A

They decend into the scrotum at birth.

147
Q

When does testicular tissue differentiate

A

3-4 months

148
Q

When is the male considered fertile

A

At 8-10 months

149
Q

When is a male in puberty

A

7-20 months

150
Q

How often will a cow show estrus, and when will it stop

A

Cow will show estrus at approximately every 21 days. Until the age of 10-12

151
Q

When does postpartum anesteus occur

A

For 30-50 days following the birth of the cow and many will have silent estrus at first.

152
Q

When will the cows uterus be adapted to another pregnancy

A

40 days post partum and ideally the calving to calving interval is 12-13 months. (9 months gestation, 3 months to get her pregnant again)

153
Q

When are cows more fertile

A

In the spring

154
Q

How many fertile ova will a cow produce in her full reproductive cycle

A

50 fertile ova

155
Q

How is proestrus characterized

A

By follicular growth and estradiol production, causing edema of the genital tract. Vulvular secretion is seen. The cows group together

156
Q

What hormones will be released during proestrus

A

FSH stimulation

157
Q

What type of breeding cycle do cows have

A

Polyestrous nonseasonal breeders with estrus occurring at an average interval of 21 days

158
Q

What behaviour is seen in proestrus

A

Cows group together, moves around more, less attracted to feed, sniff others, allow themselves to be sniffed, bellows, but will not stand.

159
Q

What is estrus

A

The period of sexual receptivity is a result of estradiol acting on the CNS.

160
Q

How long does estrus last

A

Lasts 14-18 hours,

161
Q

What are the clinical signs of estrus

A

swollen redden vulva, clear stringy mucous discharge.

162
Q

What is the behaviour of the cow in estrus

A

The cow becomes passive, calm, allows mounting and mounts other cows.

163
Q

What does the surge of LH do in the cow

A

LH stimulates the mature follicle to ovulate. She is restless, anxious, inappetant, bellows.

164
Q

How would you describe the cows period of receptivity

A

Cow is different from most with such a short period of receptivity

165
Q

When does ovulation occur in a cow

A

ovulation occurs 12-16 hours after the end of estrus.

166
Q

What are 5 reasons why poor heat detection occurs

A
  1. Not enough time is spent 2. Most mounting activity occurs at night in loosely housed herds3. Heat period is short 4. Mounting lasts 10 seconds 5. Feet and leg problems with slippery floors, reduces visibility
167
Q

What are 7 estrus detection aids

A
  1. Wall charts, breeding wheels, herd monitors and individual records2. Secondary signs of heat (vulva and mucous discharge)3. Mount detection aids – these are pressure-sensitive devices that change color to detect mounting4. Palpation of organs by a vet5. Heat detector animals (hormonally treated cows, penile deviation bulls with markers) 6. Heat synchronization – using prostaglandins, if they have a functional CL, with be in heat in 2-7 days7. Pedometers on cows – to measure activity levels
168
Q

What is metestrus

A

The time following cessation of heat, where ovulation occurs, and luteal cells begin to develop.

169
Q

What biological changes occur in metestrus

A

Congestion of the genital tract diminishes, and the glandular secretions decrease, some pseudomenstruation occurs (seen as bloody discharge, only in 50% cows, 90 % heifers).

170
Q

What behaviour changes occur in metestrus

A

The cow will no longer accept mounting

171
Q

What happens to the ovulated egg in metestrus

A

The ovulated egg is picked up and transported toward the uterus, with fertilization occurring at this time. Whether fertile or not, enters the uterus 3-4 days post-ovulation.

172
Q

What is diestrus

A

Period of a functional CL, whether the cow is pregnant or not.

173
Q

What body parts are affected in diestrus

A

Mammary development and uterine growth affected.

174
Q

What happens if the zygote meets the uterus

A

If the zygote reaches the uterus, the CL stays, if not, then CL regresses on day 17.

175
Q

What behaviour changes occur when the cow is pregnant

A

If pregnant, cow may still smell and mount other cows in heat, so must be careful not to inseminate again.

176
Q

What does the CL’s creation of progesterone trigger

A

The CL production of progesterone prepares the uterus to nourish the fertilized egg. If fetus is not there, prostaglandin is released by the uterus and causes regression of the CL.

177
Q

How long does estrogen dominate in the cycle

A

Estrogen dominates 4 days of the cycle

178
Q

How long does progesterone dominate in the cycle

A

progesterone 17 days

179
Q

What is the fertilization time of cows

A

Fertilization time is complicated because the cow ovulates 12-15 hours after the end of estrus, fertility being highest in the midheat or end of heat, and declines very quickly.Sperm reach the site of fertilization very quickly, but need to capacitate in the female tract before fertilization, with peak fertility being 7-18 hours before ovulation, hence during the heat period.

180
Q

How long can sperm age and maintain fertility

A

Although sperm can age 18-20 hours and maintain fertility,

181
Q

How long can ova age and maintain fertility

A

ova cannot age more than 4-6 hours.

182
Q

What are cows who cannot get pregnant after 3 inseminations called

A

repeat breeders.

183
Q

What happens if a cow cycles more than every 21 days

A

If they cycle more than every 21 days, we say it is likely early embryonic death (EED)

184
Q

What happens if a cow cycles less than every 21 days

A

and if less than 21 days, cystic ovaries.

185
Q

What does the appropriate artificial insemination time depend on

A

The time of egg release (10-12 hours after standing heat)Lifespan of the egg (6 hours)Capacitation of sperm (5-6 hours)Life span of sperm

186
Q

What are the three general groups of ovarian dysfunction

A

anestrus, silent or quiet estrus, cystic ovaries.

187
Q

What causes anestrus

A

stress of animal, disease, climate, nutrition, lactation may cause an anestrus.

188
Q

What is anestrus treated with

A

Treated with pituitary gonatrophins, especially FSH.

189
Q

What can a cystic ovarian metritis be corrected with

A
  1. Enucleation rectally2. Hormones injection
190
Q

What is a silent estrus

A

shortage of estrogen, but ovulation does occur. If inseminated, will conceive.

191
Q

What are cystic ovaries

A

another form of COD is where follicular cysts develop, accumulate a lot of fluid, and do not proceed to ovulation.The cows can present in frequent heats, and nymphomaniac tendencies, or irregular or no heat.Again, hCG is the treatment of choice, or manual rupture.

192
Q

What changes with uterine tone if a cow is pregnant

A

Since uterine tone is a good indicator of estrus and can be detected by rectal palpation, it is used by most inseminators to verify if cows submitted for insemination are in estrus.

193
Q

What does estrus do to the endometrium

A

Estrogen increases the vascular growth of the endometrium. When withdrawn (following ovulation), hemorrhages in the endometrium causes blood in the vulvar discharge. So some cows show bleeding on the second or third day after estrus.

194
Q

How do you determine sperm production

A

Sperm production, fertile sperm is correlated to testicular size, which can be estimated by the length and width of scrotal circumference.

195
Q

How much semen do bulls ejaculate

A

Bulls ejaculate 4-10 ml of semen, containing 800 million or 2000 million (2 billion) sperm per milliliter.Sperm increases with the age of the bull up to 7 years, and then declines.

196
Q

Describe the penis of the bull

A

Penis is fibroelastic, small diameter, rigid when no erect.Protrusion occurs by straightening of the S-shaped sigmoid flexure. cows respond to chin-resting by standing.Mating is brief, less than 5 seconds

197
Q

Where is the progesterone required to maintain pregnancy in the cow made

A

The ovary is the major source of progesterone needed to maintain pregnancy in the cow.

198
Q

What does fetal cortisol trigger

A

Fetal cortisol triggers parturition, stimulating the conversion of progesterone to estrogen and also causing a release of uterine PGF2, causing the terminating luteal function.

199
Q

How long is gestation in a cow

A

Gestation is 276-295 days, average 285 or 9 months.

200
Q

What are the biological changes of the vagina when the cow is close to parturition

A

Nearing parturition, the vulva discharges a thick and stringy mucus, the udder enlarges, and the teats become distended (with colostrum).

201
Q

Describe the cows behaviour the day before parturition

A

1-2 days before calving, the cow is restless, keeps a small isolated area, and defends it. She should be placed in a clean, disinfected maternity pen, with a non-slippery floor, lots of bedding and good ventilation.

202
Q

What does the cow do during stage 2 of parturition

A

Stage II is done either lying down, standing or sternal, with abdominal straining. The amnios appears at the vulva (water bag) and the calf soon follows.

203
Q

How long does it take for the calves to stand

A

Calves take 45 minutes to stand and a few hours to suckle.

204
Q

How many stages are in parturition

A

3 stages as in all speciesStage 1- dilation, nervousness, and nestingStage 2- pushingNormal parturitionStage 3- placenta

205
Q

What is the first stage of parturition

A

Dilation, nervousness, nesting

206
Q

What is the second stage of parturition

A

Pushing

207
Q

What is the third stage of parturition

A

Placenta

208
Q

When is colostrum released

A

colostrum within the first 2-12 hours, separate from the dam within 24 hours into an individual pen, feeding whole milk.

209
Q

When are cows weaned

A

Weaning occurs 5-6 weeks,

210
Q

When is roughage introduced to a baby cow

A

at 3 weeks

211
Q

When is grain fed until

A

Grain is fed until 12 months.

212
Q

When are cows dehorned, vaccinated and castrated

A

Calves are dehorned, castrated, vaccinated at 2-3 months (extra surgeries such as supernumerary teats treated and umbilical hernias).

213
Q

When are heifers bred

A

Heifers are bred when they reach a good weight, usually at 14-15 months, with the first parturition and milk production starting at 24 months.

214
Q

When do beef cattle usually calve

A

Beef cattle usually calve over 45 days from March to April.

215
Q

What happens in May if the calves were done in march or april

A

At the end of May, branding, dehorning, vaccination, deworming occurs.

216
Q

When are cows generally weaned

A

October

217
Q

When are bulls placed with the female

A

Bulls placed with the female from June to July 15 in order to achieve calves from a same age group to regroup them in the same feedlot. Unbred cows are culled.

218
Q

How often are twins born in dairy breeds

A

Twins are born in about 2% of births in dairy breeds,

219
Q

How often are twins born in beef cattle

A

and 0.4 % in beef, and result in dystocia

220
Q

What also causes dystocia

A

Dystocia is caused also by fetal malpresentations.

221
Q

What are freemartins

A

Freemartins are the mixing of male and female twin, which causes the female to be androgenized.

222
Q

What is the postpartum period

A

The postpartum period is the time following parturition during which lactation is initiated and reproductive cycles are re-established.

223
Q

What occurs in the uterus in the postpartum period

A

The uterus undergoes involution, the gravid horn is larger and the muscle tone gradually returns to cause shrinking.

224
Q

How many days after the postpartum period are dairy cows usually bred

A

Dairy cows are bred usually 50 days after postpartum, and should conceive by 80 days in order to maintain a calving interval on 12 months.

225
Q

What is the purpose of examining the reproductive tract

A

diagnosis of pregnancy,estimation of gestational age,characterization of the reproductive status.

226
Q

What do you need to know about the animal in order to evaluate the reproductive tract

A

a. virgin cow, pregnant heifer, uniparous/multiparousb. agec. cycle historyd. calving dates and commentse. breeding dates and methodsf. previous treatmentsg. nutritional program

227
Q

How do we perform the examination of the reproductive tract

A

The method of physical examination is best by rectal palpation of the cervix, uterus, ovaries and other supporting structures.

228
Q

Describe the feeling of the follicle

A

Follicles – have a smooth outline, with fluctuation below the surface

229
Q

Describe the feeling of the CL

A

CL’s – soft and crepitate following ovulation, to a liverlike consistency at midcycle, to a firm structure at the end of the luteal, many have a papilla.

230
Q

Describe the feeling of the CA

A

Corpora albicans – (what is it?) small and firm, really scar tissue

231
Q

Describe what smooth ovaries indicate

A

Smooth ovaries – with no significant structures, indicates a cow is not cycling

232
Q

What do you find in the absence of a CL

A

Ovarian cysts- fluid filled structures greater than 25 mm diameter, found in the absence of a detectable CL.

233
Q

What % of animals that are pregnant exhibit estrus

A

Cessation of estrus is not a reliable sign, because 10 % of pregnant cows exhibit estrus, and also can be caused by pathological problems.

234
Q

What is the membrane slip

A

membrane slip – chorioallantois slips through uterine horns, at 30 days of pregnancy

235
Q

What is the amniotic vesicle

A

amniotic vesicle – as a moveable object within the uterine lumen from 30-65 days

236
Q

What is a placentome

A

placentomes – detected as soft thickened bumps in the uterine wall from 75 days on (type of placenta??)

237
Q

At what time can you palpate the fetus

A

palpation of fetus – 65days to term

238
Q

At what point can you palpate the uterine artery fremitus

A

uterine artery fremitus – from 120 days, the fremitus is unilateral (which side?), at 7 months it is bilateral

239
Q

What methods during the examination allow you to know if the animal is pregnant.

A

Methods are:membrane slip – chorioallantois slips through uterine horns, at 30 days of pregnancyamniotic vesicle – as a moveable object within the uterine lumen from 30-65 daysplacentomes – detected as soft thickened bumps in the uterine wall from 75 days on (type of placenta??)palpation of fetus – 65days to termuterine artery fremitus – from 120 days, the fremitus is unilateral (which side?), at 7 months it is bilateral

240
Q

What is vaginoscopy show

A

Vaginoscopy, using a cylindrical speculum and a penlight.The secretions indicate the stage of the estrus cycle.Large quantities of stringy water-clear mucus indicate proestrus; small amounts of blood indicate metestrus; and diestrus, mucosa is pale with scanty sticky mucus.

241
Q

What are the other methods of vaginal evaluation

A

Laparoscopy UltrasoundMilk progesterone or plasma progesterone assays – elevated after 24 days post breeding, strongly suggest pregnancy, accuracy 80% for pregnancy, 100% non pregnant

242
Q

What results in 15% of reproductive wastage

A

Failure of fertilization accounts for 15% of reproductive wastage.

243
Q

What results in 25% of reproductive wastage

A

Embryo loss accounts another major portion of reproductive wastage (25%).

244
Q

What does early embryo loss cause

A

Early embryo loss results in a normal cycle, late embryo loss manifests in late and irregular returns to heat.

245
Q

What can early embryo loss be secondary to

A

EED can be 2ndary to nutritional deficiencies, cytogenic abnormalities, immunological factors, uterine environment, and bad timing of insemination.

246
Q

How do you induce abortion in an animal

A

Induced abortionPregnancy maintenance is dependent on adequate concentration of circulating blood progesterone.In order to terminate pregnancy, one needs to eliminate the source of progesterone.The CL is the main source of progesterone for the first 5 months, and the last month PGF2 results in luteolysis.

247
Q

What do glucorticoids cause when given with PGF2 in a pregnant cow

A

Glucorticoids reduce placental secretion of progesterone, so a combination of steroids and PGF2 can induce abortion between the 5-8 months of gestation.Estrogen is also luteolytic.

248
Q

When do we do a caesarian sections occur

A

Done when there is fetal malpresentationBreech, butt first, most common malpresentationCan try to manipulate them, but often easier to just do C-section

249
Q

What happens when a calf is dead

A

When calf is dead, sometimes need to do a fetotomyUse embryotomy wire (gigli)

250
Q

What are the reasons to induce abortions

A

Reasons to induce abortions area prevent dystocia after mismating heifersb. unintentional breeding to an undesirable bullc. pregnancy of feedlot heifers reduces feed efficiencyd. pathological diseases of pregnancy- “hydrops”e. prolonged gestation – dead fetus, mummies, hydrocephalus, anencephaly

251
Q

What is Hydroallantois/hydroamnios

A

Hydroallantois and hydroamnios: rapid accumulation of fluid in late gestation following an abnormal function of the placentomes. Results in a distended, tense abdomen with anorexia, dehydration and dyspnea.

252
Q

When does Fetal mummification and fetal maceration occurs

A

occurs when a fetus dies without luteolysis and cervical dilatation for expulsion. Mummification occurs from the 3rd to 8th month of gestation. Maceration occurs at any stage, with chronic, mucopurulent discharge from the vulva.

253
Q

What can cause metritis

A

Unsanitary calving conditions can increase bacteria, causes uterine infection.Retained placentas are also associated with increased metritis, as well as excessive manipulation of genital tract and trauma during calving.Mixed populations of bacteria are always present, and if conditions are favorable, they can cause life threatening septic, toxic or gangrenous metritis.

254
Q

What happens if ovulation occurs before the uterus has expelled the exudate

A

If ovulation occurs before the uterus has expelled the exudate, the CL is retained, the cycle is interrupted and pyometra may be perpetuated.

255
Q

What is the treatment for pyometra

A

Treatment is with antibiotics, and with prostaglandins.

256
Q

What is a retained placenta related to

A

metabolic diseaseinfectionsuterine inertiadystociastressnutritionhormonal problemshereditary factors

257
Q

What is considered a retained placenta

A

Placenta is kept longer than 12 hours, where a disturbance of the loosening mechanism of the placentomes is affected.

258
Q

What is the treatment for a retained placenta

A

Oxytocin and observation, sometimes place intra-uterine antibiotics or douchesManual removal of placentaPlacentome removal

259
Q

Describe cystic ovaries

A

Follicle like ovarian structures, persist more than 10 days, incidence is 10-30%.`

260
Q

What are the causes of cystic ovaries

A

Causes:SeasonAgelevel of milk productionhereditary factorsnutritionOvarian dysfunction results, with either anestrus (80%) or nymphomania (20%).

261
Q

What is Obturator paralysis

A

Happens when the fetus is big and stays too long in the birth canal, crushing the obturator nerve on the ilium.This causes paralysis of the adductor muscles, and the cow cannot stand.

262
Q

What is milk fever

A

Hypocalcemia that happens usually in the early stages of lactation The animal cannot absorb adequate calcium to meet lactational needs, so uses serum calcium. A flaccid paralysis and inability to rise are observed.

263
Q

What is ketosis

A

A metabolic disorder where the body cannot produce enough sugar for energy requirements. Then, the fat stores are used resulting in ketones production, the by-product of fat metabolism. These are toxic, cause anorexic, and a characteristic “sweet smelling”, slightly alcoholic breath.Ketone bodies can be picked up in the urine, and this is called ketonuria (look at the dip stick).

264
Q

What is mastitis

A

Common problem, usually due to inappropriate conditions, cleanliness, pump pressure.Milk must be removed from affected quarters.Good hygiene in the milking parlour helpsSomatic cell counts are used to evaluate neutrophils count, done on all quarters.

265
Q

What is a prolapsed uterus

A

The cow keeps straining, and the uterus everts out of the vulva. It must be replaced back in with an epidural anesthetic after cleaning.Sometimes bladder comes out as well.

266
Q

What is Perineal lacerations

A

Occur when cow has pushed too hard.

Vet Nursing (27 decks)

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