Body Structure Ch.4 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Body Structure Ch.4 Deck (132)
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1
Q

chromatin

A

Structural component of the nucleus, composed of

nucleic acids and proteins.

2
Q

chromosome

A
Threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries hereditary 
information encoded genes.
3
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A
  • Molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides.
  • Organized into chromatin
4
Q

diaphragm

A

muscular wall that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

5
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all physical changes that take place in a cell or an organism.

6
Q

organelle

A

cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (removal of material from the cell), and lysosomes (digestion).

7
Q

The body is made up of what levels of structure and function?

A

Cell, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism

8
Q

Cell

A

Smallest structural and functional unit of life.

9
Q

Cytology

A

Study of the body at the cellular level

10
Q

3 main parts of a human cell

A

Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

11
Q

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

A
  • Surrounds each cell and serves as a barrier from external environments.
  • Supports and protects the intracellular contents
  • Transports substances in and out of call.
12
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Jellylike matrix of protein, salts, water, dissolved gasses and nutrients
  • External environment
13
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Largest organelle of the cell
  • contains genetic information (in form of DNA)
  • responsible for metabolism, growth, and reproduction
14
Q

Function of Ribosomes

A

Protein sunthesis

15
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A

Remove material from the cell

16
Q

Function of Lysosomes

A

Cellular digestion

17
Q

Groups of cells that perform a specialized activity

A

Tissue

18
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue

19
Q

Four major tissue types

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
20
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • Covers surface of organs, lines cavities, forms tubes and ducts
  • provides the secreting portions glands and make up the epidermis of the skin
  • cells closely arranged in one or more layers
  • i.e. skin surface, lining of GI tract
21
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • Supports and connects other tissues and organs
  • Made up of a variety of cell types such as blood, fat cells, and fibroblasts
  • i.e. bones, tendons, fat
22
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • Provides the contractile tissue of the body
  • Responsible for movement
  • i.e. skeletal, cardiac, smooth
23
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body.
i.e. brain, spinal cord, and nerves

24
Q

Organ

A
  • Body structure that performs specialized functions

- composed of two or more tissue types

25
Q

Organ System

A

Consists of various organs and accessory structures that have similar or related functions
i.e. digestive, respiratory, urinary, cardiovascular

26
Q

Organismal level

A
  • highest level of organization
  • complete living entity capable of independent existence
  • Made of several body systems that work together to sustain life
27
Q

Plane

A

imaginary flat surface that divides the body into 2 sections

28
Q

Midsagittal (median)

A

divides into left and right

29
Q

Coronal (frontal)

A

divides into front and back

30
Q

Transverse (horizontal)

A

divides into top and bottom

31
Q

Body cavities

A
  • used by Dr’s to locate structures and identify abnormalities within the cavities
  • divided into 2 major cavities (dorsal and ventral)
32
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

include cranial and spinal cavities

33
Q

Diaphragm

A

muscular wall that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

34
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

Includes thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

35
Q

Thoracic cavity houses what organs?

A

heart, lungs, and associated structures

36
Q

Abdominal cavity houses what organs?

A

digestive organs

37
Q

Pelvic cavity houses what organs?

A

excretory and reproductive organs

38
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants/regions

A

four quadrants and nine regions

39
Q

What makes the spine?

A

Vertebral column, backbone, protects spinal cord

40
Q

Spine is divided into how many and what sections?

A

five sections

  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
  • coccyx
41
Q

Pathology, requirements for survival

A
  • Oxygen
  • Nutrients
  • Maintain homeostasis
42
Q

Disease

A
  • Occurs when homeostasis is disrupted and cells, tissue, organs, or systems are unable to function effectively
  • A pathological or morbid condition that presents a group of signs, symptoms, and clinical findings.
43
Q

Sign

A

Objective (things you can see/observe) i.e. rash/swelling

44
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective (things a patient tells you) i.e. dizziness/nausea

45
Q

Etiology

A

Study of the cause of a disease or disorder

  • matabolic (diabetes)
  • infectious (influenza, measles)
  • congenital (cleft palate)
  • hereditary (hemophilia)
  • neoplastic (cancer)
  • environmental (trauma, burns)
46
Q

Diagnosis (Dx)

A
  • Determining the cause and nature of a disease

- Aids in selection of a treatment

47
Q

Prognosis

A

prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome.

48
Q

Idiopathic

A

A disease whose cause is unknown

49
Q

Diagnostic procedures

A
  • surgical
  • clinical
  • endoscopic
  • laboratory
  • imaging procedures
50
Q

Sequelae

A

A long-term complication that arises directly from disease, injury, or treatment i.e. paralysis from a head injury.

51
Q

Right hypochondriac region

A

Upper right lateral region beneath the ribs

52
Q

Epigastric region

A

Upper middle region

53
Q

Left hypochondriac region

A

Upper left lateral region beneath the ribs

54
Q

Right lumbar

A

Middle right lateral region

55
Q

Umbilical

A

Region of the navel

56
Q

Left lumbar

A

Middle left lateral region

57
Q

Right inguinal (iliac)

A

Lower right lateral region

58
Q

Hypogastric

A

Lower middle region

59
Q

Left inguinal (iliac)

A

Lower left lateral region

60
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midsagittal plane

61
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the midsagittal plane

62
Q

Medial

A

Pertaining to the midline of the body

63
Q

Lateral

A

Pertaining to the side

64
Q

Superior (cephalad)

A

Toward the head or upper portion of a structure

65
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Away from head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure.

66
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the center or to the point of attachment

67
Q

Distal

A

Further from the center or from the point of attachment

68
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Front of the body

69
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Back of the body

70
Q

Parietal

A

Pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity

71
Q

Visceral

A

Pertaining to the viscera, or the internal organs, especially the abdominal organs

72
Q

Prone

A

Lying on the abdomen, face down

73
Q

Supine

A

Lying horizontally on the back, face up

74
Q

Inversion

A

Turning inward or inside out

75
Q

Eversion

A

Turning outward

76
Q

Palmar

A

Pertaining to the palm of the hand

77
Q

Plantar

A

Pertaining to the sole of the foot

78
Q

Superficial

A

Toward the surface of the body (external)

79
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface of the body (internal)

80
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

81
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

82
Q

kary/o or nucle/o

A

nucleus

83
Q

anter/o

A

anterior, front

84
Q

caud/o

A

tail

85
Q

cephal/o

A

head

86
Q

dist/o

A

far, farthest

87
Q

dors/o

A

back (of body)

88
Q

infer/o

A

lower, below

89
Q

later/o

A

side, to one side

90
Q

medi/o

A

middle

91
Q

poster/o

A

back (of body), behind, posterior

92
Q

proxim/o

A

near, nearest

93
Q

ventr/o

A

belly, belly side

94
Q

abdomin/o

A

abdomen

95
Q

cervic/o

A

neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)

96
Q

crani/o

A

cranium (skull)

97
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

98
Q

ili/o

A

ilium (lateral portion of hip bone)

99
Q

inguin/o

A

groin

100
Q

lumb/o

A

loins (lower back)

101
Q

pelv/i

pelv/o

A

pelvis

102
Q

spin/o

A

spine

103
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

104
Q

umbilic/o

A

umbilicus, navel

105
Q

albin/o

leuk/o

A

white

106
Q

chlor/o

A

green

107
Q

chrom/o

A

color

108
Q

cirrh/o
jaund/o
xanth/o

A

yellow

109
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

110
Q

erythr/o

A

red

111
Q

melan/o

A

black

112
Q

poli/o

A

gray; gray matter (of brain or spinal cord)

113
Q

acr/o

A

extremity

114
Q

eti/o

A

cause

115
Q

idi/o

A

unknown, peculiar

116
Q

morph/o

A

form, shape, structure

117
Q

path/o

A

disease

118
Q

radi/o

A

radiation, x-rays; radius (lower arm bone thumb side)

119
Q

somat/o

A

body

120
Q

son/o

A

sound

121
Q

tom/o

A

to cut

122
Q

viscer/o

A

internal organs

123
Q

xer/o

A

dry

124
Q

ab

A

from, away from

125
Q

ad

A

toward

126
Q

hetero

A

different

127
Q

homeo

A

same, like

128
Q

infra

A

below, under

129
Q

peri

A

around

130
Q

super

A

upper, above

131
Q

trans

A

across, through

132
Q

ultra

A

excess, beyond