BLOOD - RBC 15-28 Flashcards Preview

A&P II: Blood Physiology > BLOOD - RBC 15-28 > Flashcards

Flashcards in BLOOD - RBC 15-28 Deck (21)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

15
Describe MHC
Major Histocompatibility Complex
aka - Human Leukocyte Antigen

A

-an Antigen-Presenting Cell APC
-physical attachment of antigen
to transmembrane protein = MHC
molecules embedded within plasma membrane
two categories
MHC class I molecules - nucleated cells
MHC class II molecules - APC (both I and II)

2
Q

MHC -
more info
from her notes

A
cell surface molecule 
mediate interactions
-leukocytes WBC
determines:
1 compatibility 
-donors for organ transplant
2 susceptibility
-autoimmune disease
3
Q

MHC

What I have found.

A

T-cells recognize and attack foreign antigens
-cannot ID on own
-require help of APC
APC function hinges on genes on chromosome 6
= MHC
-genes code for MHC protein
-protein on APC surface
-unique to every person
-act as identification tags
label every cell of your body as belonging to you

4
Q

16

What is an agglutinin?

A

A substance that causes particles to coagulate to form a thickened mass
-antibodies
cause antibodies to aggregate
-sugar-binding protein = lectins

5
Q

16

describe agglutinogen?

A

An antigen that stimulates the production of an agglutinin

6
Q

16
What is agglutination?
A diagnostic tool

A
an agglutinin causes particles to coagulate.
-can be antibodies
cause antigens to aggregate
HOW
-clump on particles
-cause particles to change shape
from fluid like to thick mass
-when added to suspension
binds to structure 
-causes aggregate to fall to bottom - leaves clear suspension
7
Q

17
List primary agglutinins?
(antibodies = immunoglobulins)

G-MADE

A
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM
8
Q

18

List Primary Agglutinogens? = antigens

A
Exogenous
-enter bod from outside
-inhalation, ingestion, injection
Endogenous
-generated within normal cells
-result of normal cell metabolism
-viral or intracellular bacterial infection
Autoantigens
-normal protein or complex
-recognized by immune system (autoimmune disease)
9
Q

18
WTF is she ASKING?
What category of immunoglobulin to fall under?

Waiting for lecture

A

My Guess:
IgA - mucosal - pathogens: virus, bacteria, fungus
IgG - fetus immunity from Mom - invading pathogens
IgM - ABO - surface B-cell, prior to IgG - pathogens
IgD - Rh - antigen receptor on B cells - antimicrobial
-not exposed to antigen
-basophils, mast cells
IgE - allergens - histamine release - allergy, parasitic worms
-mast cells, basophils

10
Q

What are the Blood Types?

A

A
B
AB
O

11
Q
19 
Frequency of blood type groups
amongst specific US populations?
-Caucasian 
-African American 
-Hispanic 
-Native American 
-Asian 

See Handout.

A

Highest % to Least %

O
A
B
AB

12
Q

20

Punnett Square

A
predicts outcome - inheritance
allele:
homozygous dominant - A A
heterozygous dominant - A a
homozygous recessive - a a
13
Q

21
What is the Rh Group?

Rhesus monkey

A
Rhesus Blood Group System - Rh factor
-one of thirty human blood group systems
-one of the most important
Rh:
-negative - genotype dd
-positive - genotype DD or Dd
refer to D antigen only
-role in blood transfusions
-used to determine risk of erythroblastosis fetalis
14
Q

23
What is hemolytic disease of a new born?
erythro-blast-osis fetalis

A

alloimmune condition, develops in fetus
-body attacks transplanted tissue and fetus
-response to foreign antigen
-IgG molecule produced by mother pass through placenta
some antibodies attack the RBC in fetal circulation
-RBC broken down
-fetus develops reticulocytosis and anemia
immature RBC
-fetal death from heart failure
erythroblasts are present in fetal blood = erythroblastosis fetalis

15
Q

Pregnancy and Rh

A
Rh - Mom carries Rh + baby
1st pregnancy uneventful
-at birth mother exposed to fetal blood
-she produces anti-D antibodies
2nd pregnancy
Rh + baby
-her antibodies may pass through placenta
agglutinate the fetal erythrocytes 
-hemolyze
-baby born w/ severe anemia
15
Q

22

What is Rhogam? How does it work?

A

Rh(o)D Immune Globulin
-a medicine given by intramuscular injection
-used to prevent immunological condition
Rhesus disease
-solution of IgG anti-D (anti-RhD) antibodies
-suppress mother’s immune system
from attacking Rh (+) blood cells
-entered maternal blood stream

16
Q

Blood Types:
agglutinins and agglutinogens
antibodies and antigens

TYPE A blood

A

antigen - A
antibody - anti B
cannot accept B or AB
can accept A or O

18
Q

Type B

A

antigen - B
antibody - anti A
cannot accept Type A or AB
can accept Type B or O

19
Q

Type AB

A

antigens - A and B
antibodies - None
accept - A, B and AB or O
universal acceptor

20
Q

Type O

A
Antigen - None
Antibodies - anti A and anti B
cannot accept A, B or AB blood
can accept O
universal donor
21
Q

Type O

A
Antigen - None
Antibodies - anti A and anti B
cannot accept A, B or AB blood
can accept O
universal donor