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Flashcards in Blood coagulation Deck (29)
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1
Q

In the intrinsic pathway blood must come in contact with _________ and in the extrinsic pathway blood must come in contact with _________-

A

Charged particles; tissue factor

2
Q

Coagulation Factors

Synonyms for I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, and XIII

A
3
Q

Bleeding disorders

Genetic defects:

platelet abnormalities

blood vessel wall abnormalities

clotting factor deficiencies (_________)

excess clot breakdown (____________)

Acquired defects:

liver disease

vitamin______deficiency

autoimmune disease (_______destruction)

trauma

A

Hemophilias

fibrinolysis

K

Platelet

4
Q

Transglutamidase is activated by ____________.

A

Thrombin

5
Q

The Vitamin K Cycle

A
6
Q

Intrinsic pathway by numbers

A

XII–> XI–> XIa–>IX–>IXa–>X–>Xa–> II–>IIa

7
Q

In platelets, the expression of this membrane surface is ___________

A

Activation- dependent

8
Q

Hemophilias A and B

Hemophilia A is caused by a deficiencies in factor________and Hemophilia B is cause by deficiency in factor ________.

Affect ~1 in 10,000 males

Inherited as a _________X-linked trait

A

VIII;IX

Recessive

9
Q

PROCESSES INVOLVED IN BLOOD CLOTTING

A
  1. Injury causing rupture of blood vessels
  2. Platelets clump at wound
  3. THROMBOKINASE is released
  4. Thrombokinase converts prothrombin to thrombin
  5. Thrombin converts fibrogen to fibrin
  6. A meshwork of threads form over the wound
  7. Trap erythrocytes & platelets
  8. Blood clot forms, scab falls off, and new skin formed
10
Q

Thrombin

Cleaves ____________

Activates _________

Activates procofactors:_______ and _________

Activates zymogens: ________, ________, and __________

A

Fibrinogen

Platelets

V and VIII

VII, XI and XIII

11
Q

5 Steps of Hemostasis

A

1) . INITIATION
2) . LOCALIZATION
3) . PROPAGATION/AMPLIFICATION
4) . TERMINATION
5) . ELIMINATION

12
Q

Heparin binds to _________ to inhibit blood coagulation

A

Antithrombin

13
Q

Thrombosis Embolism

Causes:

  • A local blood clot is formed on the damaged rough inner wall of the _________
  • ___________ of the artery
  • __________trapped and blocks blood flow
A

Artery

Blockage

Embolus

14
Q

Thrombin Time (TT)

In this test, __________ is added to ________

The normal range is __________ seconds (varies slightly depending on the laboratory)

Prolongations in the TT are observed in ____________ deficiency or ___________ deficiency resulting from consumption of fibrinogen in _______________, or may occur following treatment with fibrinolytic drugs

A

Thrombin; plasma

10-15

congenital fibrinogen; acquired fibrinogen

DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)

15
Q

Common constituents of coagulation complexes

A

Vitamin K-dependent (VKD) zymogen

Ca2+

Protein cofactor

  • activated platelets (VIIIa/IXa complex, Va/Xa complex)
  • subendothelial cells, typically fibroblasts (TF/VIIa complex)
16
Q

How are bleeding disorders treated?

A

Factor replacement

17
Q

____________ is the major cause of both stroke and heart attacks.

A

Thrombosis

18
Q

Cofactors used in conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

A

Ca 2+ and vitamin K

19
Q

Blood Coagulation

Deficiencies in all of the factors, except factor _____, lead to a bleeding tendency in the affected individual

Described as a ‘waterfall’ or ‘cascade’ sequence of _______ to ________ conversions, with each enzyme activating the next zymogen in the seqeunce

A

XII

Zymogen; enzyme

20
Q

Intrinsic Pathway of Blood Coagulation

No factors _________ to the blood are involved

Clinical test to assess the functionality of this pathway is the ____________

________ and ______ are added to the test plasma sample

The normal range is ________seconds

Prolongations in the aPTT are observed in deficiencies of factors ________________

Used to test for common _______________ (deficiencies in IX, VIII, or XI) and to monitor _______treatment

A

activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

Kaolin; Kaolin

30-50

XI, IX, VIII, X, and V, prothrombin, or fibrinogen.

Congenital hemophilia; heparin

21
Q

Two possible extrinsic pathways by numbers

A

VIIa–>IX–>IXa–>X–>Xa–> II–>IIa

VIIa–>X–>Xa–> II–>IIa

22
Q

Thrombosis

Genetic defects:

clotting factor __________ deficiencies

decreased ___________

Acquired defects:

_____________

_____________

A

Inhibitor

Fibrinolysis

Lupus anticoagulants

Atherosclerosis

23
Q

Haemophilia

Causes:

  • Lack of ________ for production of clotting factor ________
  • An impaired __________ mechanism

Treatment:________

A

Gene; VII

Clotting

Generic engineering of factor VII

24
Q

VITAMIN K

Group of related, _______soluble compounds, which differ in the number of side-chain _________units

_______ derived (vitamin K1) and synthesized by _________bacteria (vitamin K2)

The ________form of vitamin K2 (vitamin KH2) is required for the post-translational, gamma-__________ of several proteins involved in ________

A

Fat; isoprenoid

Plant; Intestinal

Reduced; Carboxylation

Blood Clotting

25
Q

Heart Attack

Causes:

  • The _________is partially blocked.
  • Blockage cuts off ________ supply
  • Extensive heart_________ damage
A

Coronary artery

Oxygen

Muscle

26
Q

Haplotype A represents individuals at risk for ___________anticoagulation with standard __________dosing, and haplotype B represents individuals at risk for __________ anticoagulation from standard ____________dosing.

A

Excessive; warfarin; subtherapeutic; warfarin

27
Q

Site of clotting factor synthesis

A

Vitamin K

28
Q

Extrinsic Pathway of Blood Coagulation

Extrinsic refers to _________ factor, which is expressed on ________ cells

Clinical test to assess the functionality of this pathway is the __________ time

__________tissue factor is added to test plasma sample

The normal range is __________ seconds

Prolongations in the _______ are observed in deficiencies of factors VII, X, V, prothrombin, or fibrinogen.

Used to test for the rare congenital deficiencies in these factors: More often it is used to diagnose acquired ______ disorders resulting from__________deficiency, oral _________, and________ disease

A

Tissue; subendothelial

Prothrombin

Lipidated

10-15

Protothrombin time (PT)

Bleeding; Vitamin K; anticoagulants; liver

29
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

Deficiency of vitamin K is rare because of its wide distribution in nature, and its production by __________ bacteria

Found in individuals with ________disease and__________malabsorption - it is associated with _______- disorders

Newborn infants (especially preemies) are also at risk

  • ________is insufficient in the transfer of maternal vitamin K
  • Concentration of circulating vitamin K drops immediately after_______, and it recovers upon absorption of_________.
A

Intestinal

Liver; Fat; Bleeding

Placenta

Birth; food