Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human physiology > blood and blood grouping > Flashcards

blood and blood grouping Flashcards

1
Q

how much blood does a human have?

A

5L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the haematocrit?

A

RCB
WBC
platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

functions of blood

A 
transport
respiration
protection from infection
repair of tissue
thermoregulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does plasma contain?

A 
ions
proteins
fibrinogen
antibodies
dissolved substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the cellular elements of blood?

A

RBC
WBC
platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is haematopoiesis

A

formation of blood

occurs in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is red marrow

A

marrow in flat bones

produces most blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is yellow marrow

A

marrow in long bones

makes some white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

whats a megakaryocyte?

A

big cells that produce platelets

break litte bits off into the blood and these are the platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is in the stroma of the bone marrow?

A 
macrophages
fibroblasts
adipocytes
epithelial cells
bone cells too
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what in the lineage of a typical blood cell?

A

first is a multipotent stem cell
divides in two, one self renenwing and replaces itself
other becomes one of two new cells: myeloid or lymphoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the myeloid lineage

A

platelets
RBC
granular sites
monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the lymphoid lineage

A

T cells, B cells
WBC
lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what can the process of platelet formation be called?

A

megakaryocyte meiosis

thrombocytopioesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how is a platelet formed?

A

megakayo blast starts, blast cell is imature

matures into megekaryocyethen sits on edge and released small fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

process of erthyropoiesis

A

begin with blast cell and this matures
kicks out the nucleus in process
red blood cel then matures and is made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a dendritic cell?

A

supporting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

should blast cells be seen in normal healthy blood?

A

no, they are immature and only to be found in marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are RBC

A

biconcave discs
anucleate
no mitochondrai
long life span

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

haemoaglobin structure

A

4 polypeptide chains with a cofactor haem group with iron atom at centre
each iron attaches one molecule of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the passage of oxyge

A 
alveoli
plasma
RBCs
plasma
interstitial fluid
cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe the transport of carbon dioxide

A
  1. enters the RBC
  2. reacts with water
  3. produces carbonic acid
  4. acid dissocated to make bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
  5. cant have loose H+. alters pH
  6. hydrogen binds to haemoaglobin
  7. bicarbonate leaves RBC to travel back to lungs
  8. when at the lungs, reenters RBC
  9. reforms carbonic acid
  10. acid didsociates into water and CO2
  11. breathed out
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is anaemia

A

reduced haemoglobin concentration in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are causes of anaemia

A

poor diet
chronic blood loss
malabsorption of iron
pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

name the types of WBC/leukocytes

A

lymphocyte
neutrophil
basophil
monocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

name types of phagocytes

A

granulocytes

monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the structure of a neurophil

A

multilobed nucleus

neutral staining granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are neutrophils used for?

A

protection from bacterial infections

phagocytosis of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

structure of a eosinophil

A

bilobed nucleus

pink large granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the job os an eosinophil??

A

immune protection and allegic reactions
attacks parasites
phagocytosis of antibody coated pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

structure of a basophil

A

smaller
bilobed nucleus
purple granules
low count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are basophils needed for?

A

inflammation and release of histamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where are monocytes found?

A

can be in the blood but also in tissues

when in tissues called a macrophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

structure of a monocyte

A

kidney shaped nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are monocytes used for

A

vital role in protection from infections
ingest bacteria, dead cells and cellular debris
phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

structure of a lymphocyte

A

big nucleus filling most of the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

why are lymphocytes important

A

they can remeber infections

have two types, T and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what do T cells do?

A

kill infected cell directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what do B cells do?

A

produce antibodies to kill the cels

40
Q

what is leukaemia

A

uncontrolled growth of one typ of white blodo cells in the bone marrow

41
Q

what does leukaemia cause?

A 
raise count of one type of WBC and low counts of al the rest
not enough space for the others to grow
- anaemia
- thromobocytopenia
- leukopenia
42
Q

what is thrmobocyopenia?

A

low platelet count

43
Q

what is leukopenia

A

reduced WBC count

44
Q

what are the 4 classes od leukaemia

A
  • acute myeloid
  • chronic myeloid
  • acute lymphoblastic
  • chronic lymphiod
45
Q

whats the difference between acute and chronic leukamieas

A

acute is imature cells

chronic is mature ones

46
Q

what actually is a platelet

A

small anucleate fragments of large precursor cells called megakaryocytes

47
Q

what is the main pathology of platelets

A

thrombosis

48
Q

what is thrombosis?

A

inappropriate activation of platelets leading to clots where they arent needed or wate

49
Q

what is the most common cause of a thrombosis

A

athersclorisis breaking through the endothelial lining leaving a rough edge and activating the platelets

50
Q

where are RBC destroyed?

A

spleen

51
Q

what is the spleens function

A

large filtre

removes dead cells or damaged/old ones

52
Q

how long can RBCs be stored for?

A

a month

53
Q

what are the biggest uses of blood donations?

A

maternity care
injury
surgeries

54
Q

what are risk factors for blood donation

A

malaria areas
jaundice
HIV
hepatitus

55
Q

what do all RBCs have on their surface?

A

glycolipids
proteins
glycoproteins

56
Q

what are the roles of things on the RBCs surface?

A

channels
receptors
identification
immune system uses

57
Q

what does it mean to be A group?

A

A antigen on surface of RBC

58
Q

what does it mean to be B group

A

B antigen on surface

59
Q

what does it mean to be AB group?

A

both A and B antigens on surface

60
Q

what does it mean to be group O?

A

neither A or B antigens on surface but a sticky bit on on the surface which is the stalk of the proteins

61
Q

what is an antigen

A

sugar chains that stick to the lipids by ceramide

62
Q

what is the H anitgen?

A

found in group O’s

63
Q

what are the antigens like on group A’s

A

same sugar but branch of galnac and same H antigen

64
Q

what are the antigens like on grgoup B’s

A

same stalk but branch now is galactose

65
Q

galactose on the end of the sugar chain of the antibodiy means you are which group?

A

groupB

A antigen

66
Q

galnac on the end of the sugar chain antibody means you are which group?

A

A group

A antigen

67
Q

how are A or B antigens made?

A

the DNA encodes enzymes which stick togethr the sugarts, the gene doesnt encode fo the AB orO but for the enzymes that make it

68
Q

what is an antibody?

A

proteins that recognise foreign molecules in the body

69
Q

what is IgG?

A

small antibody

70
Q

what is IgM

A

large antibody made up of 5 smaller IgG in a ring

71
Q

what categorises group A

A

anti-B in plasma

A antigen on surface of RBC

72
Q

what categorises group B

A

anti-A in plasma

B antigen on RBC surface

73
Q

what categroises group O

A

no antibodies present

A and B antigens on RBC surface

74
Q

what categorises group O

A

antibodies for A and B in plasma

no antigens on RBC’s

75
Q

what is rhesus group?

A

a transmembrane protein on the surface of RBC

there are a variety of rhesus atigens

76
Q

what is the most common rhesus antigen

A

rhD

77
Q

why are most people rhesus positive?

A

its autosomal recessive

78
Q

what do the symbols next to rehsus mean?

A

+ means they do have rhesus

- means they dont

79
Q

rhesus antibodies are of what type

A

IgG
only get them if exposed to rhesus
they are not expected t be seen in someones blood

80
Q

how can you get rhesus antiodies?

A

beign exposed to someones blood who does hvae them

81
Q

what is natural immunity?

A

IgM antibodies are produced wthout prior exposure to the ABO antigen

82
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

IgG antibdies are produced upon exposure to the other RBC

83
Q

what is an acute reaction?

A

a reaction cause by an ABO missmatch

84
Q

what happens during an ABO missmatch?

A

blood has to bring antigens so the blood with stick it together and clump
aggluntination
it will them punch holes in the membrane in completment

85
Q

why is an ABO missmatc bad?

A

blood agglutinates
blood cells have holes punched in the membrane
this released the haemoaglbin
the bilirubin is broken down and this is toxic

86
Q

what is the case of a delayed reaction?

A

non-ABO mistake so maybe rhesus

87
Q

when does a delayed reaction typically occur

A

repreat transfusion of ABO matched blood which is imcompatible for other group antigens such as rhesus, Kidd, Kell, Duffy

88
Q

what happens during a delayed reaction?

A

IgG antibodies are activated but no complement this time

not as aggressive as actue and the patient can survive

89
Q

how are bood groups tested for

A

blood is taken and antigens added to see if it clumps

clumping signals the groups its grom

90
Q

what testing for group A what happens when you add each antigen?

A

add anti-A and the blood remains the same
add anti- B and the blood clumps
this signals the blood is group A

91
Q

how does the plate method work for blood group testing

A

antibodies are present in wells
blood is added to each well
the reaction of the blood in each well determins the grouping

92
Q

what is the universal donor?

A

O group

93
Q

how can you cross match safely?

A

double check
mis the bloodcells from the donation and plasma of the patient
if there is any clumpin it wont be safe

94
Q

why does haemalyic disease of thenewborn?

A

the mother produced antibodies which attack the babies RBC in utero
the RhD antigen is the most common

95
Q

what doess during the diease/how does it happen?

A

at birth or with trauma some RBCs might cross the placeta from the foetus to the mother
the mother then raises immune response releasing antibodies on the foetal RBCs

96
Q

why is haemalyitic diease of the newborn dangerous?

A

in subsequent pregancies teh anti0Rh antigodies can cross of placenta and destroy foetal RBCs

97
Q

how is haemoaylic disease of the newborn combatted?

A

anti-D antibody infected into mother after birth of first child
neutralises the antibpdies and they arent made any more
second child is safe

Human physiology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions