Biomechanical Limitations Flashcards Preview

PCE - Neuroanatomy > Biomechanical Limitations > Flashcards

Flashcards in Biomechanical Limitations Deck (24)
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1
Q

Contraindications for stretching

A
bony block
recent #
acute inflammatory process of the joint 
sharp or acute joint pain
hematoma or tissue trauma
contracture or soft tissue is providing stability to area or function (ex tenodesis grip)
2
Q

PNF indications

A

increase ROM and strength in multi-joint/muscle involvement, used to ax abnormal movement patterns

3
Q

PNF D1

A
  • shoulder ER (consider feeding, upper cut) - IR with elbow extension
  • hip IR - ER (cross leg/kick ball)
4
Q

PNF D2

A
  • shoulder ER- IR (reach and pick apple and then put in bag)

- hip IR- ER (fire hydrant)

5
Q

Can you add resistance to PNFs?

A

yes

6
Q

Why would you add quick stretch at the beginning of a PNF movement

A

to elicit contraction of a weak muscle

7
Q

What are PNF Contraindications

A

The same as resistance exercises

8
Q

PNF Precautions

A

avoid quick stretch on hypertonic muscles
gentle stretch and care on hypotonic muscles
care to not promote invariant movement patterns
watch for substitution

9
Q

What are UE and LE flexor synergies

A

UE = flexion of elbow, ER and ABD of shoulder, flex of wrist

LE = hip flex, knee flex, DF and INV of foot

10
Q

What are UE and LE extensor synergies

A

UE = shoulder adducts and internally rotates, elbow extends and pronates, wrist extends

LE = hip extends and internally rotates, knee extends, ankle PF and inverts

11
Q

What is muscle tone

A

Resistance force in response to lengthening (stiffness), a continuum

12
Q

Does tone occur from neural or non-neural factors

A

both

13
Q

What causes non-neural ton

A
muscle length
thixotrophy (extra CT between muscles)
CT and muscle fiber changes
immobilization
weakness
abnormal postures
abnormal movement patterns
14
Q

What causes neural tone

A
Inc. input to alpha motor neuron
emotion, fear
pain
infection
full bladder
altered excitability of alpha motor neurons
loss of functioning motor units
altered motor unit firing rate
Loss of orderly recruitment
impaired motor unit synchronization (inappropriate co- contraction of agonist/antagonist
15
Q

What is spasticity

A

Velocity dependent increase in resistance to passive stretch

16
Q

What is rigidity?

When do you normally see rigidity

A
  • velocity independent resistance to passive stretch

- usually seen with a head injury (decorticate or decerebrate rigidity)

17
Q

LMN Lesions

  • Hypotonia or Hypertonia?
  • Hyporeflexia or hyperreflexia?
A

Hypotonia

Hyporeflexia

18
Q

UMN Lesions

  • Hypotonia or Hypertonia?
  • Hyporeflexia or hyperreflexia?
A

hypotonia and hyperreflexia
OR
hypertonia and hypereflexia

19
Q

Tone + Spasticity assessment

A

modified Ashworth scale: 0=5 scale

ask them to AROM, feel muscle, then PROM, then PROM with quick stretch, then reflexes DT and long tract

20
Q

What are exaggerated proprioceptive reflexes

A

Clonus, tendon jerk, and pendulum test

21
Q

What are exaggerated cutaneous reflexes

A
  • touch to palmar and plantar surfaces

- Babinski response

22
Q

Tone and spasticity treatment

A
  • postural control
  • prevent and treat biomechanical limitations (positioning, ROM, mobility, etc.)
  • promote strength, endurance, and coordination
  • maintain extensibility/PROM
  • address potential factors contributing to tone (agitation, motivation, pain, infection, full bladder)
  • provide sustained pressure on tendons
  • referral to health care team (meds, Botox, etc.)
23
Q

Treatment for clonus

A

teach them to contract the muscle with the clonus then relax

24
Q

Treatment for cutaneous hyperreflexia

A

Desensitize, promote active movements within limits of individual’s capacity, strap legs when in wheelchair to prevent falling