What is a stressor?
A stimulus/situation imposing demands on an individual.
What is primary appraisal?
The person assesses the situation, identifying potential threats or demands.
What is secondary appraisal?
The person assesses their ability to cope with the situation.
What is the transactional model?
A model of stress. It defines ‘stress’ as an imbalance between perceived demands on an individual and their perceived coping resources.
Who noted that rats developed gastric ulcers following daily injections?
Selye.
During the HPA stress response, which hormone is released, and from where?
ACTH, from the pituitary gland.
Which part of the adrenal system is stimulated during the HPA stress response?
Adrenal cortex.
What does the adrenal system release during the HPA stress response?
Corticosteroids.
Which part of the adrenal system is stimulated during the SAM stress response?
Adrenal medulla.
What does the adrenal system release during the SAM stress response?
Adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Who developed the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
Selye.
What are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?
- Alarm.
- Resistance.
- Exhaustion.
Which study investigated the probability of developing a cold, in relation to stressful life events?
Cohen.
Which study investigated the quantity of NK (Natural Killer) cells during stressful times?
Kiecolt-Glaser.
Which study investigated the healing times in highly-stressed Alzheimer’s carers.
Kiecolt-Glaser.
Which meta-analysis concluded that short-term stressors lead to increased immunity, and long-term stressors lead to suppression of immunity?
Segerstrom and Miller.
Which study led to the creation of the SRRS?
Holmes and Rahe.
Which study investigated the link between LCUs and illness in healthy participants?
Rahe.
Which researcher thought that daily hassles were more significant than life changes?
Lazarus.
Which two studies found that correlations with daily hassles and illness were stronger than life changes and illness?
- DeLongis.
2. Stone and Neale.
Which four factors contribute to stress at work?
- Environment.
- Work-life balance.
- Control over workload.
- Workload.
Who carried out the Whitehall I and II studies?
Marmot.
Who carried out a study into Swedish sawmill workers?
Johannson.
Who studied high demands + low control as a source of high blood pressure?
Fox.
Which researcher found 69% of CHD sufferers showed Type A behaviour?
Rosenman.
Which researcher found no significance of Type A behaviour in developing CHD?
Shekelle.
Which researcher proposed the concept of the hardy personality?
Kobasa.
Which researcher proposed the concept of the Type D (Distressed) personality?
Denollet.
What are two major general styles of coping?
Problem-focused and emotion-focused.
Which study showed that different coping styles are used simultaneously?
Tennen.
Who created stress inoculation training (SIT)?
Meichenbaum.
What are the three stages of SIT?
- Conceptualisation.
- Skills training and rehearsal.
- Application in the real world.
What are the three characteristics of the hardy personality?
- Control.
- Challenge.
- Commitment.
What research has shown that SIT is effective in reducing examination stress?
Berger.
What research has shown that SIT is effective in reducing snake-related phobia?
Meichenbaum.
What are the three stages of hardiness training?
- Focusing.
- Reconstructing stressful situations.
- Self-improvement.
What research has shown that hardiness training is effective in reducing stress in both teachers and students?
Maddi.
What are two biological methods of stress management?
- Benzodiazepines.
2. Beta-blockers.