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Flashcards in Biological Molecules Deck (23)
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1
Q

-H

A

Hydrogen

2
Q

-OH

A

Hydroxyl

3
Q

-COOH

A

Carboxyl

4
Q

-NH2

A

Amino

5
Q

-H2PO

A

Phosphate

6
Q

-CH3

A

Methyl

7
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule
Usually occurs between amino acids

8
Q

Hydrolysis

A

How polymers are disassembled into monomers

9
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the consistant ratio of 1:2:1

10
Q

Monosaccharides

A

One sugar molecule

glucose, fructose, galactose

11
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two sugar molecules
sucrose
lactose
maltose

12
Q

Polysaccharides

A

many sugar molecules
starch
glycogen
cellulose

13
Q

Lipids

A

Contain large regions of H and C atoms joined by non-polar covalent bonds
Non-polar regions are hydrophobic

14
Q

Three major groups of lipids

A

Oils, fats, waxes
Phospholipids
steroids

15
Q

Oils, Fats, Waxes

A

Contain only C, H and O atoms
Composed of one or more fatty acids attached to a glycerol subunit
Straight chains
Source of energy

16
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Chains that have no C=C bonds are said to be SATURATED with H
Chains that have C=C bonds are said to be unsaturated with H atoms
Saturated fatty acid chains are straight
Unsaturated fatty acid chains are kinked
Oils are liquid at room temperature because they are unsaturated
Waxes are solid at room temperature because they are saturated

17
Q

Phospholipids

A

Similar to the structure of fats, waxes, and oils except one of the fatty acid chains are replaced by a phosphate group containing a polar functional group
Two fatty acid chains are hydrophobic
Phosphate head is hydrophilic
Basic component of membranes

18
Q

Steroids

A

Composed of four rings of carbon fused with various functional groups
Synthesized from cholesterol
functions as hormones and components of animal cell membranes

19
Q

Proteins

A

Polymers of amino acid subunits
Bond between amino acid subunits is called peptide bond
diversity of proteins is due to diversity of amino acids and the ways they arrange themselves
function as enzymes, structural components, transport proteins, energy storage and cross membrane transport

20
Q

Amino Acids

A

Composed of a central C atom bonded to four different functional groups

  1. Amino group (-NH2)
  2. Carboxylic acid group (-COOH)
  3. Hydrogen group (-H)
  4. Variable group (R)
21
Q

Importance of R group in amino acids

A

Creates diversity

affects the structure of the protein

22
Q

Protein Structure

A

Four levels of structure

  1. Primary structure: Sequence of amino acids in linear protein polymer
  2. Secondary structure: simple repeating pattern created by hydrogen bonding between amino acid subunits (Could be helix or plated sheet)
  3. Complex 3 dimensional shape formed by the folding over of the secondary structure
  4. Due to the joining together of smaller proteins in order to form a larger protein complex
23
Q

Nucleic Acids

A
Polymers of nucleotide subunits
Composed of:
1. 5 Carbon sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. N containing base
Diversity in the N containing bases that creates diversity in nucleotides