A ____ Gibbs free energy suggests that the reaction proceeds spontaneously.
negative
_____ determines the speed of the reaction while the free energy dictates the direction of the reaction. It does not affect the Keq.
enzyme (it lowers the activation energy needed)
ATP has ____ bonds that are high in energy which contains a Gibbs free energy of -7.3kcal/mol
Anhydride bonds.
NAD3+ : 3ATP :: ____: 2ATP
FADH2
Niacin can be derived from this amino acid.
Tryptophan
In terms of oxidizing capacity, FAD ____ NAD (greater, lesser)
greater
FAD is mostly involved in carbon-carbon bond reaction
Inhibitor for ETC Complex 1
Pericidin a
Amytal
Rotenone
Barbiturates
Inhibitor of complex II
Malonate
Carboxin
TTFA
Inhibitor of Complex III
Antimycin A
Dimercaprol
Inhibitor of complex IV
Cyanide
CO
Sodium azide
Hydrogen sulfide
ATP synthase inhibitor
Oligomycin
____ is the transfer and utilization of energy in biologic systems
bioenergetics
____ measure of change in heat content
enthalpy (Joules)
___ measure of the change in randomness or disorder
entropy (J/Kelvin)
____ energy available to do work
free energy or Gibbs free energy
___ refers to the delta G in standard conditions
Standard Free energy
in standard free energy, the concentration of the reactants and products are ____
1 molar each
___ reaction
if there is a net loss of energy
Exergonic
___ reaction
if there is a net gain of energy
Endergonic
What is the delta G of exergonic reactions?
<0
spontaneous
endergonic reactions proceed by ___
coupling it to exergonic processes
What is the standard free energy of ATP to ADP + P
-7300 cal/mol
The phosphate released after hydrolysis of ATP is stabilized by
formation of resonance hybrid in which the 3 negative charges are shared between the 4 O atoms
What are the compounds with a standard free energy higher than ATP?
- PEP
- Carbamoyl phosphate
- 1,3 BPG
- Creatine phosphate
___ refers to the formation of ATP and a phosphorylated intermediate
Substrate level phosphorylation
In substrate level phosphorylation, the phosphate group comes from ____
another substance with higher standard free energy
How many high energy phosphates are formed in glycolysis via substrate level phosphorylation?
Two
- Phosphoglycerate Kinase
- Pyruvate kinase
How many high energy phosphate is formed in Krebs Cycle via substrate level phosphorylation?
One
1, Succinyl thiokinase
Refers to formation of ATP via chain of oxidation reaction
Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the final electron acceptor of ETC?
Oxygen
Substrate level phosphorylation occur in which part of the cell
- Cytosol
2. Mitochondria
Which part of the mitochondrion houses the mtDNA and ribosomes and enzyme
matrix
___ is the final common pathway by which electrons from different fuels of the body flow to oxygen
ETC
The electron transport chain generally happens in which specific part of the mitochondria?
inner membrane
What are the 2 electron carriers used in the ETC
- NAD+
2. FAD
In the ETC, NAD+ and FAD undergo ___ (oxidation/reduction)
REDUCTION
These donate electrons to the specialized electron carriers in the ETC
- NADH
2. FADH2
What electron carrier is derived from Vitamin B3?
NAD
What electron carrier is derived from Vitamin B2?
FAD
___ is the only non-protein component of the ETC
Uniquinone (CoQ)
These components of the ETC are not fixed
- Coenzyme Q
2. Cytochrome C
[ETC: name that complex]
NADH dehydrogenase
Complex I
[ETC: name that complex]
Succinate dehydrogenase
Complex II
[ETC: name that complex]
Cyt b-c1 complex
Complex III
[ETC: name that complex]
Cyt C oxidase
Complex IV
In the complex II, succinate deydrogenase converts succinate to what compound?
Fumarate
Coenzyme Q received electrons from what complexes?
Complex I and II
___ hypothesis explaining how free energy is generated by the transport of electrons by the ETC
Mitchell Hypothesis
What drives OXIDATIVE phosphorylation?
Increase of H+ and electrical gradients
Complex V refers to __
ATP synthase
What are the effects of ETC inhibitors?
- Decrease oxygen consumption
- Increase intracellular NADH/NAD+ and FADH2/FADH ratios
- Decrease ATP
What are Complex I inhibitors?
- Barbiturates
- Amytal
- RotenONE
- Piercidin A
What are your complex II inhibitors?
- Malonate
- Carboxin
- TTFA
What are complex III inhibitors?
- Antimycin A
2. Dimercaprol
What are complex IV oxidase?
- Cyanide
- CO
- Azide sodium (sodium Azide)
- Hydrogen sulfide
Inhibitors of these ETC complexes prevent electrons from reaching oxygen
Complex III and IV
__ increase the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons in the ETC
uncouplers
What are the effects of electron transport chain uncouplers?
- Increase oxygen consumption
- Decreased NADH/NAD+ and FADH2/FADH ratio
- decrease ATP synthesis
What is a natural ETC uncoupler?
Thermogenin (brown fat)
Examples of synthetic ETC uncouplers
- 2,4 dinitrophenol
2. aspirin
What drug blocks the F0 subunit of the ATP synthase
Oligomycin
___ inhibits oxidative phosphorylation by inhibiting the transporter of ADP into and ATP out of the mitochondrion
Atracytloside
What compounds partially reduce the unstable by products formed by ETC?
Unstable products = ROS
- Superoxide
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Hydroxyl radical
What enzymes act as defenses against ROS?
- Catalase
- Peroxidase
- Superoxide dismutase