ATP/ ADP are what type of molecule
Phosphoric Acid Anhydrates
Three stages of extraction of energy from foodstuffs
Catabolism of macromolecule→Acetyl CoA→ Citric Acid Cycle
Less chemical energy= ____stable
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Standard free energy change (Temp, Pressure, Concentration
25º C, 1 atm, 1 M
Gibbs free energy equation
ΔGº = ΔHº-TΔSº
List order of Standard Free Energies of Hydrolysis of Phosphorylated Compounds
- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
- 1,3-Bisphophoglycerate
- Phosphocreatine
- ADP
- Acetyl-CoA
- ATP
- Glucose 3- phosphate
Creatine Phosphate has why type of high energy bond?
Guanidinium Phosphates
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering____
The activation energy
Is ATP or ADP more stable?
ADP
Creatine phosphate is used as _____donor. It remains around___mM in muscle.
Phosphoryl; 30
Second Law of thermodynamics
Systems tend toward disorder
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate is what type of bond
Acyl Phosphate (Phospho-carboxy anhydride)
Mass action
Push towards equilibruim, as result of the addition or removal of particaipant in the equilibruim
Range for “mass action” effects
+3 and -3 kcal/mol
Activated carriers
molecules that can be split (C→ A + B) to release free energy but only if there is an excess of C relative to its equilibrium concnetration.
Key examples are ATP, GTP, NADH, FADH , and NADPH.
Ways of Regulating Metabolic Processes
Amount of enzymes, Catalytic activity of enzymes, Post-translational modification, Compartmentalization
Energy Charge
Measure of all energy in a cell
Catabolism
Break down of macromolecules
Examples of Phosphoric acid Anhydrides
ATP/ADP
Draw ATP structure
ATP
Define and distinguish ΔGº and ΔG. Equation
ΔGº = for unmixed reactants and products @ equilibrium
ΔG= for mixed reactants and products at equilibruim
Anabolism
Build up of macromolecules
Metabolism
Maintains balance
Acetyl CoA has what type of high energy bonds
Thioester
G in relation to Keq
G<0; Keq>1
G>0; Keq<1
The chemical energy of a compound is affected by __, ___, and __.
Bond strain, resonance forms, and steric effects
Phosphoenolpyruvate is what type of bond?
Enol Phosphate