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Psych/Soc > Bio Class 7 > Flashcards

Bio Class 7 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ send impulse towards soma, while _____ send impulse away from soma

A

dendrites, axon

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2
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

“saltatory conduction”

- propagation of AP along myelinated axons from one node to another, increasing velocity of ap

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3
Q

Axon hillock

A

Connects soma and axon

- ap starts here

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4
Q

Schwaan cells

A

Found in PNS, wrap around axon to form myelin

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5
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Found in CNS, wrap around axon to form myelin

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6
Q

Myelin

A

Insulator, increases speed of conduction

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7
Q

Soma

A

Performs basic function of cell

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8
Q

Types of neurons

A

Bipolar, unipolar, multipolar (most popular)

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9
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Single axon, single dendrite

- direction determined by direction of impulse

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10
Q

Unipolar

A

Single process that divides to form axon and dendrite

- direction determined by direction of impulse

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11
Q

Depolarization

A

Move away from rest in positive direction (-70 to -50)

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12
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Move away from rest in negative direction (-70 to -90)

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13
Q

Repolarization

A

Returning to rest from hyperpolarization or depolarization

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14
Q

Equilibrium Potential

A

The potential at which there is no driving force on an ion

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15
Q

Action Potential Process

A

Potential starts at -70
Cell depolarizes as Na+ VG channels open (-50)
Reaches Na+ equilibrium potential (+35)
Na+ channel is inactive and K+ VG channel opens
Cell hyperpolarizes
Na+ VG channel shifts to “closed”
K+ channel closes

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16
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-50 mV

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17
Q

Absolute refractory period vs relative refractory period

A

Absolute

  • Na+ channel is inactive, cell is too positive
  • impossible to fire a second potential

Relative

  • Na+ channel is closed, cell is too negative
  • close to K+ eq potential
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18
Q

Nerve impulse

A

Action potential travelling

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19
Q

Synapse

A

Once signal reaches end of neuron, signal goes to different cell or neuron

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20
Q

If there is a impulse from A –> B –> , why would the AP go towards C and not A?

A

Because A is in the refractory period

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21
Q

What happens to B and C if A is going through an AP?

A

Na+ is entering A and the membrane potential of B and C is at -70

  • then charge from A reaches B and depolarizes it
  • Once B reaches threshold, it’ll fire an AP
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22
Q

Electrical Synapses vs Chemical synapses

A

Electrical synapse

  1. Gap junctions
  2. Unregulated
  3. Bidirectional
  4. Always excitatory (always causes AP in postsynaptic cell)
    * Relatively rare & found in cardiac muscle cells

Chemical synapse
Opposite of electrical synapse
- Presynaptic neuron has neurotransmitters in vesicles that are bound by synapsin (cytoskeleton filaments)
- When VG Ca2+ channel reaches threshold, it breaks down synapsin
- Vesicles are released and neurotransmitters float in synaptic cleft
- Receptors on post-synaptic dendrite will bind to some neurotransmitters
1. Neurons make one type of NT, but respond to many
2. NT in cleft can be recycled or broken down, medication can change amount of time it spends in cleft
3. Response of post-synaptic cleft depends on receptors
4. takes more than one vesicle of neurotransmitters to elicit a significant response on post-synaptic cell

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23
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential

  • when one vesicle dumps into post-synaptic cleft
  • If AP comes and dumps lots of vesicles, it will add up and eventually membrane reaches threshold and causes AP
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24
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential

- Adds up and eventually membrane hyperpolarizes

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25
Q

Summation

A

Adding EPSP and IPSP

  1. Spatial - add multiple inputs over wide area
  2. Temporal - add frequent impulses from a single source
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26
Q

_______ increases intensity in neurons

A

frequency

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27
Q

General System function of neurons:

______ –> _______ –> _______

A

Sensory input —> Integration —> Motor output

Sensory input: sensory neurons, afferent, PNS
Integration: making decision, interneurons, CNS
Motor output: motor neurons, efferent, PNS

28
Q

Reflex

A

rapid integration to avoid body injury

29
Q

Simple Reflex - urine example

A
  • In walls of bladder, there’s receptors that monitor stress & tension
  • As bladder fills up with urine, tension builds on the bladder
  • the bigger the stretch in the bladder, the more frequent AP
  • The sensory neuron senses stretch and in the spinal cord it’ll interact with the motor neuron and then cause the bladder to contract
30
Q

Complex reflex - hitting tendon example

A

When you hit the tendon:

  • tendon of quadricep muscle stretches, stimulates sensory neuron
  • activates quadricep muscle, causing it to contract and inhibit motor neuron of hamstring, causing hamstring to relax
31
Q

Spinal cord

A

Primitive reflexes

32
Q

Medulla

A

Regulates basic vitals

33
Q

Pons

A

balance/movement

34
Q

Diencephlon

A

Hypothalamus
- maintains homeostasis, controls the pituitary
Thalamus
- sensory relay station, sends to proper brain region for processing
Epithalamus
- includes pineal gland which produces melatonin (sleep/wake cycles)

35
Q

Telencepholon

A

Cerebrum or cerebral hemisphere

36
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotions and LTM

37
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinate and smoothe body movements

38
Q

Midbrain

A

Startle reflexes

39
Q

White matter vs Grey matter

A 
White matter
- composed of myelinated axons
- involved in cell-to-cell communication
CNS-brain: tract
CNS-spinal cord: tract/column
PNS: nerve
Grey matter
- composed of cell bodies
- involved in integration
CNS-deep brain: nucleus
CNS-brain surface: cortex
CNS-spinal cord: horn
PNS: ganglion
40
Q

Nervous system flow chart

A

Nervous system breaks into CNS and PNS
CNS: spinal cord and brain
PNS: all nerves and sensory structures outside of brain & spinal cord
PNS breaks into Somatic and Autonomic
Somatic: voluntary control of skeletal muscle
Autonomic: involuntary control of glands & smooth muscle
Autonomic breaks into Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
Sympathetic: fight or flight
Parasympathetic: rest and digest

41
Q

Somatic vs Autonomic

  • neurotransmitters?
  • excitatory and/or inhibitory?
  • how many motor neurons??
A

Somatic

  • NT: Ach
  • 1 motor neuron that connects CNS to skeletal muscle
  • excitatory

Autonomic

  • NT: Ach, NE
  • 2 motor neurons that connect CNS to effector organ
  • excitatory or inhibitory
42
Q

Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic

A

Para

  • decreases BP, resp rate, HR
  • increases digestion
  • bronchioles constrict, pupils constrict (less o2 needed while sleeping with close field of vision)

Symp

  • increases BP, resp rate, HR
  • decreases digestion
  • bronchioles dilate, pupils dilate (more o2 needed while needing far field of vision
  • direct stimulation of adrenal medulla which produces epinephrine which prolongs response of sympathetic nervous system
43
Q

Difference between NE and Epi?

A

NE is a NT that’s produced in timely quantities in cleft, acts locally

Epi is a hormone that’s produced and released in blood & acts throughout whole body

44
Q

Types of Sensory Receptors

A 
Mechanoreceptors
- mechanical stimuli
Nocireceptors
- respond to pain
Chemoreceptors
- respond to chemicals
Photoreceptors/electromagnetic receptors
- respond to light
Thermoreceptors
- respond to temperature
45
Q

Iris

A

Coloured part of your eye, regulates diameter of pupil

46
Q

Pupil

A

Black opening in middle of eye

47
Q

Lens

A

Biconcave structure that focuses light on retina

48
Q

Retina

A

Sensitive to light and a layer at the back of the eye

49
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Controls the curvature of lens

50
Q

Cornea

A

External transparent layer of eye

51
Q

Fovea/cones

A

Responsible for extreme visual acuity

52
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

minimum amount of stimulus needed to trigger receptor

53
Q

Difference threshold

A

how much change in a stimulus before it’s noticed

54
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

receptors stop responding to continuous stimulus

- pain & sexual receptors don’t adap

55
Q

Bottom up processing vs top down processing

A

Bottom up

  1. Sensory receptor
  2. Sends info to brain
  3. Analyze and process

Top down

  1. Use prior knowledge & expectations
  2. Analyze sensory info
56
Q

Optic disc

A

Blind spot, place on retina where optic nerve forms

57
Q

Optic nerve

A

bundle of axons leaving eye towards brain

58
Q

Organization/flow from retina

A

Photoreceptors (rod/cone cells) –> bipolar cells –> ganglion cells –> ganglion cells become optic nerve –> occipital lobe for image processing

59
Q

Rod vs cone cells

A

Cone

  • concentrated in fovea
  • colour vision (red, blue, green)

Rod

  • in periphery
  • black and white
  • lower level of light
  • more abundant than cone cells
60
Q

When light is present…

A
  1. Inhibition of Na+ channels
  2. Na+/K+ pump polarizes cell
  3. Stop release of neurotransmitter (glutamate)
  4. Bipolar cell inactive so no AP/ bipolar cell is active so AP to brain
61
Q

When light is absent…

A
  1. Na+ channel open
  2. Na+ enters and depolarizes cell
  3. Cell releases neurotransmitter into cleft (glutamate)
  4. Activated so AP to brain/ inactivated so no AP to brain
62
Q

Structure of the ear

A

Outer ear

  • Pinna
  • Auditory canal

Middle ear

  • tympanic membrane
  • 3 bones: malleus, incus, stapes

Inner ear

  • semicircular canals
  • Cochlea
  • Eustachian tube (auditory tube)
63
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Contains a flap that’s normally closed but opens when middle ear wants to equilibrate with atmospheric pressure

64
Q

Mechanism of hearing

A
  1. Sound waves come from outside the ear, channels through auditory canal & reaches tympanic membrane
  2. Tympanic membrane vibrates and causes 3 ossicles to vibrate which reaches oval window
  3. Oval window transmits vibration through liquid of cochlea (outer fluid)
  4. Pressure waves are then converted to AP and sent to brain to get deciphered…
  5. Pressure waves in endolymph & perilymph lead to vibration of the basilar membrane and movement of hair cells
  6. Cilia on hair cells dragged across tectorial membrane
  7. Hair cells get bent & release NT into cleft
  8. Binds to receptors on auditory neuron which transmits signal to brain
65
Q

Pitch vs Loudness

A

Pitch: determined by region of basilar membrane most stimulated
Base of basilar membrane = high frequency, high pitch, high energy, thick and stiff
Apex of basilar membrane = low frequency, low pitch, low energy, thin and floppy

Loudness (=amplitude): determined by frequency of AP reaching the brain
soft = less AP
loud = more AP

66
Q

Vestibular complex

A

‘Equilibrium & balance’

  1. Semicircular canal - rotational balance
  2. Vestibule - saccule, utricle, ampulla = static balance

Psych/Soc (24 decks)

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