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Psych/Soc > Bio Class 6 > Flashcards

Bio Class 6 Flashcards

1
Q

When is it diploid vs haploid?

A

When homologous chromosome is present it is diploid, when it is not it is haploid

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2
Q

Prophase I

A
  • DNA condenses, mitotic spindle forming, nuclear membrane breaks down
  • synapsis (pair homologous chromosomes)
  • crossing over - exchange of DNA
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3
Q

Tetrad

A

Pair of homologous chromosomes (4 chromosomes together

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4
Q

Metaphase I

A

Tetrads align at cell center

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5
Q

Anaphase I

A

Separate homologous chromosomes
Cytokinesis begins
Ring of actin forms (cleavage burrow)

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6
Q

Telophase I

A
  • Reverse of prophase I
  • Finish cytokinesis
    At the end of meiosis I you have 2 haploid cells
    Moves to meiosis II
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7
Q

Prophase II

A

similar to prophase I

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8
Q

Metaphase II

A

similar to metaphase I

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9
Q

Anaphase II

A

Separation of sister chromatids

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10
Q

Telophase II

A

similar to telophase I

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11
Q

End result of meiosis I & II

A

You have 4 cells, each with 23 chromosomes

All chromosomes are different from each other & parent ell

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12
Q

Meiosis is also called…

A

Reductive division

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13
Q

Nondysjunction

A

Failure to divide DNA during meiosis
Anaphase I failure: all 4 gametes are abnormal
Anaphase II failure: 2 will be normal, 2 will be abnormal

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14
Q

Gene

A

Piece of DNA that codes for product

- includes regulatory regions (eg. promoter, untranslated region)

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15
Q

Trait

A
  • known as phenotype
  • physical characteristics resulting from genes
    a. Polymorphic
    b. polygenic
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16
Q

Allele

A

Version of gene

Superscript differs in capital/lowercase

17
Q

Polymorphic

A

many forms due to the expression of many alleles

18
Q

Polygenic

A

many forms due to expression of many genes

19
Q

Non-classical dominance

A
  1. Incomplete dominance - heterozygote is blended phenotype; genotype will have 2 different uppercase letters
  2. Codominance - alleles are expressed independently of each other at same time
  3. Epistasis - dominance between genes (expression of one gene regulates expression of another gene)
20
Q

Classical dominance

A

1 allele is dominant, 1 is recessive

21
Q

Human ABO Blood group gene

A

On surface of RBC, you have an area that codes for protein on the surface
3 versions of alleles: Ia (codes for A protein), Ib (codes for B protein) & i (codes for no protein

22
Q

Universal donor? Universal receipent?

A

Donor is: O- because no proteins to trigger reaction in recipient

Acceptor is: AB+ because has A/B/Rh factor

23
Q

Blood typing Process

A
  1. Rh factor: determined through classical dominance (R codes for Rh protein) r (doesn’t)
    RR or Rr = Rh+ / rr = Rh-
  2. Complete blood type is combo of ABO and Rh genotype
  3. Transfusion Reactions
    - Immune system designed to recognize foreign proteins
24
Q

Mendel’s Laws

A
  1. Law of Segregation

2. Law of Independent Assortment

25
Q

Law of segregation

A

Alleles are separated during gamete formation (anaphase I + II)

26
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

How one pair of alleles separates is independent of another pairs separation (depends on how chromosomes meet in metaphase)

Exception: If linked, it will not be independent

27
Q

Mendel’s Law

A
  1. Law of segregation - Alleles are separated during gamete formation
  2. Law of Independent Assortment - One pair of alleles separation is independent of another pairs separation
28
Q

4 basic single gene crosses

A
  1. Heterozygote x Heterozygote
    Phenotype: 25% dominant, 50% hetero, 25% recessive
    Genotype: 75% dominant, 25% recessive
  2. Homozygote x same Homozygote
    Phenotype: 100% parental
    Genotype: 100% parental
  3. Heterozygote x Homozygote (recessive/dominant)
    Phenotype: 50% dominant, 50% homozygote x
    Genotype: 50% heterozygote, 50% homozygote x
  4. Homozygous dominant x homozygous recessive
    Phenotype: 100% dominant
    Genotype: 100% heterozygote
29
Q

Rules of probability

A

Rule of multiplication (A & B happening at same time)
Probability (A and B) = prob (A) x prob (B)

Rules of addition (probability of A OR B happening at same time

Mutually exclusive (nothing in common)
prob (A) + prob (B)

Nonmutually exclusive
prob (A) + prob (B) - (prob A x prob B)

30
Q

Linked genes

A

found close together on the same chromosome so when cross over happens it does not separate

To know if genes are linked, you have to look at F2 generation

31
Q

Unlinked ratio

A

d/d 9/ 1
d/r 3/ 1
r/d 3/ 1
r/r 1/ 1

32
Q

Recombinant frequency

A 
Recombinant frequency (RF) = # of recombinants/ total # of offspring x 100%=
- unit: map units (mu)
33
Q

Hardy-weinberg principle

A

Allele frequencies do not change from generation to generation

34
Q

H-W equations

A

Phenotype frequency:
p + q = 1

Genotype frequency:
pp + 2pq + qq = 1

p= dominant allele
q = recessive allele
pq = heterozygote
35
Q

What are the 5 conditions that hold true for the H-W equations?

A
  1. Mating has to be random
  2. No migration (no inward or outward flow of alleles)
  3. No natural selection (bc this would increase the probability of good alleles)
  4. Large population (small population means it’ll be affected by small events)
  5. No mutation

Psych/Soc (24 decks)

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