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Flashcards in Bio Ch 9 Deck (47)
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0
Q

Interphase

A

majority of the cell cycle

1
Q

Cell cycle

A

orderly set of stages that take place between the time a eukaryotic cell divides and the time the resulting daughter cells also divide

2
Q

Chromatid

A

double helix of DNA

3
Q

Sister chromatids

A

2 identical chromatids

4
Q

Mitosis

A

nuclear division

5
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm

6
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

during mitosis, daughter chromosomes are distributed by this to 2 daughter nuclei

7
Q

Signal

A

agent that influences the activities of a cell

8
Q

Growth factors

A

signaling proteins received at the plasma membrane

9
Q

Cyclins

A

family of internal signaling proteins; increase and decrease as the cell cycle continues

10
Q

p53

A

signaling protein in mammalian cells that stops the cycle at the G1 checkpoint when DNA is damaged (# = molecular weight in kilodaltons)

11
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

12
Q

RB

A

protein responsible for interpreting growth signals and also nutrient availability signals; retinoblastoma, a cancer of the retina that occurs when this gene undergoes a mutation

13
Q

Caspases

A

enzymes that bring about apoptosis

14
Q

Somatic cells

A

body cells

15
Q

Histones

A

proteins that are especially involved in organizing chromosomes

16
Q

Chromatin

A

when a eukaryotic cell is not undergoing division, the DNA and associated proteins are located within this, which has the appearance of a tangled mass of thin threads

17
Q

Diploid (2N) number

A

full number of chromosomes that is found in all cells of the individual; 2 chromosomes of each kind

18
Q

Haploid (n) number

A

half the diploid number; contains only 1 chromosome of each kind; only sperm and eggs have this number of chromosomes in the life cycle of animals

19
Q

Centromere

A

sister chromatids are constricted and attached to each other at this region

20
Q

Kinetochores

A

protein complexes that develop on either side of the centromere during cell division

21
Q

Centrosome

A

main microtubule organizing center of the cell; divides before mitosis begins

22
Q

Centrioles

A

barrel-shaped organelles; pair in each centrosome in an animal cell; not found in plant cells

23
Q

Prophase

A

nuclear division is about to occur; chromatin has condensed and the chromosomes are visible; nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope fragments; spindle begins to assemble as 2 centrosomes migrate away from one another

24
Q

Asters

A

array of microtubules radiates toward the plasma membrane from the centrosome; serve to brace the centrioles during later stages of cell division

25
Q

Prometaphase

A

preparations for sister chromatid separation are evident; kinetochores appear on each side of the centromere (attach sister chromatids to the kinetochore spindle fibers)

26
Q

Metaphase

A

centromeres of chromosomes are in alignment on a single plane at the center of the cell

27
Q

Metaphase plate

A

an imaginary plane that is perpendicular and passes through the circle in the center of the cell; indicates the future axis of cell division

28
Q

Anaphase

A

2 sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate at the centromere, giving rise to 2 daughter chromosomes; shortest phase of mitosis

29
Q

Telophase

A

the spindle disappears as new nuclear envelopes form around the daughter chromosomes

30
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

indentation of the membrane between 2 daughter nuclei, forms as anaphase draws to a close

31
Q

Cell plate

A

newly formed plasma membrane that expands outward until it reaches the old plasma membrane and fuses with it; in plant cells

32
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

used to produce human tissues; can begin with adult stem cells or embryonic stem cells

33
Q

Reproductive cloning

A

production of a new individual

34
Q

Cancer

A

cellular growth disorder that occurs when cells divide uncontrollably

35
Q

Benign

A

not cancerous

36
Q

Malignant

A

cancerous & possesses the ability to spread

37
Q

Tumor

A

abnormal cancer cells pile on top of one another and grow in multiple layers; most aggressive cell becomes the dominant cell of this

38
Q

Metastasis

A

spread of cancer from the place of origin throughout the body; caused by the ability of cancer cells to migrate and invade tissues

39
Q

Angiogenesis

A

additional mutations occur in tumor cells, allowing them to direct the growth of new blood vessels into the tumor

40
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

code for proteins that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis; likened to the gas pedal of a car because they cause the cell cycle to speed up

41
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

code for proteins that inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis; often linked to the brakes of a car because they cause the cell cycle to go more slowly or even stop

42
Q

Oncogenes

A

Cancer-causing genes

43
Q

Telomeres

A

ends of chromosomes

44
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

offspring are genetically identical to the parent

45
Q

Nucleoid

A

electron-dense, irregularly shaped region of bacterial chromosomes; not enclosed by a membrane

46
Q

Binary fission

A

asexual reproductive process of prokaryotes; division (fission) produces 2 (binary) daughter cells that are identical to the original parent cell

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