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Cytokines > Big Concepts > Flashcards

Big Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What cells responsd to LH

A

Leydig cells

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2
Q

What cells respond to FSH

A

Sertoli Cells

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3
Q

What secretes LH

A

Anterior Pituitary

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4
Q

What enzyme takes Testosterone into dihydrotestosterone

A

5alpha-reductase

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5
Q

What the main enzyme in thyroid synthesis that takes T4 to T3

A

5’deiodinase

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6
Q

What is the order of the uterine layers

A

Perimetrium

Myometrium

Endometrium

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7
Q

Most common tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma/fibroid

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8
Q

Most common invasive cancer of the female tract

A

Uterine Adenocarcinoma

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9
Q

What type of enzyme converts testosterone and androstenodion to estrione

A

Aromatase

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10
Q

First two weeks of cycle what is dominant

A

Estrogen

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11
Q

Second two weeks what is dominant

A

Progesterone

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12
Q

What happens when progesterone drops

A

we get a period, when we dont get this drop we are prego

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13
Q

What day are we ovulating? What spikes right before ovulation

A

Day 20

LH

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14
Q

What is the most common benign tumor of the breast in women under 30

A

Fibroadenomaq

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15
Q

What is the number 1 female cancer

A

Carcinoma in ducts and glands

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16
Q

In spermatogenesis the first meiotic division is____ the second is ___

A

Haploid

Diploid

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17
Q

Meiosis =

A

gaetogenesis

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18
Q

What is the first named structure after fusing of the pronuclei

A

Zygote

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19
Q

What is the final implanting structure

A

Blastocyst

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20
Q

why is 12 or more blastomeres

A

morula

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21
Q

What are the stages of development

A

Day 1: fertilization to zygote formation

Day 2-3: Zeell stage through morula

Day 4-5: Free Blastocyst

Day 5-6: Blastocyst attaches=implantation

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22
Q

What is the prmary site of fertilization

A

The ampulla

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23
Q

What comes from the ectoderm

A 
CNS
PNS
Sensory Epithelial of eye, ear, nose
Epidermis and appendages
Mammary Glands
posterior pituitary
Adrenal Medulla
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24
Q

What comes from the Mesoderm

A 
Connective tissue, cartilage, bone
muscle
heart
blood, lymph, cells
kd,ovary, testes, genital ducts
serous membrane
spleen
adrenal cortex
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25
Q

What comes from the endoderm

A

Gastric and Respiratory epithelium
Parenchyma of tonsills, thyroid, parathyroid, liver, thymus, pancreas
Epithelial linning of bladder, most of urethra, tympanic cavity, tympanic antrum, auditory tube
Anterior pititary

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26
Q

What type of blood does the umbilical vein carry

A

Arterial oxygenated blood

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27
Q

What does the umbilical vein become

A

ligamentum teres

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28
Q

what does the umbilical artery become

A

Lateral umbilical ligaments

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29
Q

What does teh foramen ovale become

A

fosa ovales

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30
Q

What does oxytocin do and where does it come from

A

postior pit for ejection of milk and smooth muscle contraction

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31
Q

where does prolactin come from and what does it do

A

anterior pit for milk production

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32
Q

In pregnancy what secretes progesterone

A

corpous leuteum

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33
Q

In pregnancy what secretes estrogen

A

ovary

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34
Q

what organs are not open to toratogens exept for early on

A

Heart, lower limb
palate
ears

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35
Q

What are the purines

A

Adenine and guanine

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36
Q

Wwhat ARE THE PYRIMIDINES

A

URACIL
THYMINE
CYTOSINE

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37
Q

what is 100% dependent on folic acid purine or pyrimidine syntheisis

A

purine synthesis

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38
Q

polymerase 1

A

rRNA

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39
Q

Polymerase 2

A

mRNA

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40
Q

polymerase III

A

tRNA

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41
Q

What takes oxytocin and ADH to the posterior pituitary to store it there until its ready to be released

A

secretory neuron/axons OUT

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42
Q

what does the posterior pit come from

A

neurophypophysis, neuro ectoderm of forebrane

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43
Q

where does the portal vein go to and what does it secrete

A

The anterior pituitary

TSH
ACTH
Growth
Prolac
FSH
LH
44
Q

What is the adenohypophysis

A

anterior pit

45
Q

what is the neurohypophysis

A

post pit

46
Q

What does the anterior pit come from

A

rafkies pouch and grows backwards

47
Q

what syndrme caues panhypopituitaryism in the anterior pituitary empty sella syndrome

A

Sheehans

48
Q

Wher does the pituitary gland sit

A

in the cella turisca at the center of the skull/sphenoid bone

49
Q

What disease arises when you have NO ADH from the posterior pituitary

A

Diabetes insipidus

can’t balance osmolarity

50
Q

what do somatotrpic adenomas cause

A

Excess GH

Acromegaly in adults
Giantism in children

51
Q

Corticotroph tumors secrete what, this leads to what

A

ACTH

cushings

52
Q

What amino acid makes thyroid hormone

A

Tyrosine

53
Q

What secretes thyroid hormone

A

pituitary

54
Q

In graves disease what happens to the thyroid hormones

A

Increased T3 and T4 low TSH

55
Q

When is calcitonin excreted and by what cells

A

Parafollicular cells in response to high blood calcium

56
Q

What hormone raises serum calcium when its low

A

parathyroid hormone

57
Q

What is the order of the adrenal corex and what do they serete

A

GFR SALT SUGAR SEX the deeper you go the sweeter it gets

Glomerulosa-aldosterone
Fasiculata-cortisol
Reticularis-sex steroids

58
Q

what does the adrenal medulla do

A

Sympathetic stimulation of Ne and EPI

59
Q

What is the medulla made out of

A

chromafin cells

60
Q

Hyperparathyroidism causes what

A

Elevated calcium which can lead to kidney stones, hypertension and gastric ulers

61
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

lowcalcium high phosphate

chvosteks sign and trousseaus sign

62
Q

Tumor confined to adrenal medulla that secretes catecholamines

A

pheochromocytoma

63
Q

childhood tumor of the adrenal medulla that is not confined there

A

neruoblastoma

64
Q

Addisons

A

increached ACTH, hypoadrenalism

65
Q

Cushings

A

extopic ACTH

Hyperadrenalism

66
Q

what is it called when you have a solitary aldosterone secreting adeoma in the adrenal cortex

A

Conn’s syndrome

67
Q

This enzyme is only found in the adrenal meddula and converts NE to EPi

A

N-methyl-transferase

68
Q

What does epinephrine do to adipose tissue

A

incraeses lipase activity to free fa

69
Q

what does epi do to the liver and muscle

A

phosphylase to glygogenolysis to make more glucose

70
Q

What is the parent steroid in which all others are made from

A

pregnenalone

71
Q

does the endocrine pancrease have ducts

A

no

72
Q

Wtha does the exocrine pancrease have

A

ducts lined with cuboidal epithelium

73
Q

what cells serete glucagon

A

alha cells

74
Q

what cells secrete insulin

A

beta cells

75
Q

what cells secrete somatostatin

A

delta cells

76
Q

What activates angiotensin I and where does this come from

A

renin from the juxtoglomerular cells

77
Q

where does angiotensinogen come from

A

liver

78
Q

what activates angiotensin I to angiotensin II and where does t his come from

A

ACE from the lungs

79
Q

what does angiotensin II do

A

Tells the adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) to serete aldosterone which tells the distal tubules to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium

Tells the efferent arteriols to constrict

80
Q

This is a syndrome where there is atumor in the pancrease secreting gastrin

A

Zollinger-ellison syndrome

81
Q

whaich arteriole is sensitive to epinephrine

A

fAferent arteriole

82
Q

what comes off the vasa recta

A

efferent arterioles

83
Q

Where does calcium get reabsorbed

A

distal tubule

84
Q

whree does most of sodium get reabsorbed

A

proximal tubule

85
Q

where does ADH act

A

collecting duct

86
Q

where does aldosterone act

A

distal tubule

87
Q

where is potassium secreted and reabsorbed

A

distal tubule

88
Q

What reaction takes an amino acid and makes it into its alpha ketoacid

A

oxidative deamination

89
Q

what do we combine together to make urea

A

Co2 and ammonia

90
Q

What is the main step in the mitochondria in the urea cycle

A

Carbamaoyl phosphate to ornithine

91
Q

what is the main step in the mitochondria in the urea cycle, what amino acid is involved

A

Arginene

ornithine=argenine to urea

92
Q

Red cell casts think

A

acute nephritis, acute post strep glomerulonephritis

93
Q

purpuric skin lesions, IgA percipitation and in kids

A

Henoch-schonlein purpura

94
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

proteinuria
hypoalbuminemia
hyperlidiemia
lipiduria

95
Q

Painless hematuria think what

A

adenocarincoma/hypernephroma

wilms tumor

96
Q

What is a common primary renal tumor in kids

A

wlims

97
Q

koplick spots

A

maseles

98
Q

What are the two attachments of the stomach

A

lesser omentum: hepato duodenal, hepato gastricligaments)

Greater omentum: peritoneal ligament, mets happens here

99
Q

Gastric ulcer

A

lesser curvature

worse with food

100
Q

duodenal ulcer

A

better eating

101
Q

Where is the start of post gastric digestin

A

duodenum

102
Q

What are three facts about the duodenum

A

cradles the pancreatic head
bile enters through the greater duodenal pipilla
pancreatic enzumes enter through the greater and lesser duodenal papilla

103
Q

The Jejunum has ___ lymphatics than ___ and ____ vascualature than ____

A

The jejunum has less lymphatics and vasculature than the illeum

104
Q

Is the jejunum shorter or longer than the illeum

A

shorter

105
Q

what does parasympathetic innervation to the large intestine

A

the pelvic splanchnics

Cytokines (9 decks)

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