BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH

Question 1

TABULA RASA

Answer 1

• Born with blank slate
• Born with ability to learn
• Behaviour learned through interactions
• Behaviour determined on environment we grew up in/environmental determinism

Question 2

BEHAVIOUR LEARNT THROUGH CONDITIONING

Answer 2

Classic conditioning learning through conditioning
-Pavlov’s dog UCS(food)
-UCR(salivation)NS+CS(bell)CR(salivation)
Operant conditioning
-Reinforcement = rewarding behaviour
-Punishment = giving consequences
-positive/negative + punishment/reinforcement

Question 3

HUMANS AND ANIMALS LEARN IN SIMILAUR WAYS

Answer 3

Able to study animals in lab experiments

• Allows us to generalise human behaviour
• We can generalise pavlov’s dogs/skinners dog & harlow’s monkeys

Question 4

SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION-AIM

Answer 4

to extinguish undesirable behaviour fear by replacing it with desirable ones

Question 5

WHAT IS A PHOBIA

Answer 5

an overwhelming irrational fear of objects ect

Question 6

WHAT IS RECIPROCAL INHIBITION

Answer 6

two contrasting feeling cannot be exprecined at same time

Question 7

DESENTIATION HIERACHY- COMPONET

Answer 7

• Individuals taught deep muscle relaxation
• Hierarchy is formed from least to most frightening
• Patient gradually works their way up hierarchy while doing DMR
• After cc takes place they move on to next stage
• Phobia is cured if they can relax on each stage

Question 8

WHAT IS INVIO/INVITRO

Answer 8

Invivo = Physical/invitro = thinking

Question 9

WHAT IS COUNTERCOUNDITIONING

Answer 9

conditioned stimulus is associated with something positive

Question 10

OTHER FORMS OF SD

Answer 10

• Modelling
• Self-administered
• Virtual

Question 11

EFFECTIVENESS-SD

Answer 11

• SD not good for more generalised fears
• Ancient fears genetically predisposed to fear certain stimulus
• Biological preparedness don’t allow us to fear modern objects
• System substitution - if you remove symptoms cause will remain and resurface in another form

Question 12

ETHICAL ISSUES-SD

Answer 12

• SD more ethical than flooding
• Clients are empowered as they decide hierarchy
• Valid consent - used for phobias but client must have a sound state of mind

Question 13

METHODOLOGY-WATSON &RAYNER

Answer 13

Little albert was 9 months at the beginning

Controlled observation not case study or experiment

Question 14

PROCEDURE-WATSON &RAYNER

Answer 14

• Session 1: albert was 11 months 3 days old when shown white rat and when he reached for the rat the steal bar was struck behind his head
• Session 2: 11 months 10 days he was shown the rat with no sound but was then presented with joint stimulation 5 times
• Session 3: 11 months 15 days joint stimulation was successful so they wanted to generalise it to wooden blocks/dogs/fur coat & wool
• Session 4: 11 months 20 days albert’s emotional responses was freshened using joint stimulation and was then placed on a large table with 4 people

Question 15

FINDINGS-WATSON &RAYNER

Answer 15

Emotional test: Albert was pragmatic
When the rat was later presented alone, Albert whimpered. The rat was paired with the noise again 2 more times. When the rat was presented alone another time, Albert cried. This suggests that the NS is now a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and Albert’s crying is a Conditioned Response (CR).Over the next 10 days, Watson & Rayner tested Albert’s reaction to the rat and to other white, furry animals and objects like a rabbit,This is generalisation of response.They tested Albert again a month later and found the same reactions, though slightly weaker.they intended to use CC but litle albert was removed from study

Question 16

CONCLUSIONS-WATSON &RAYNER

Answer 16

Ease
-Took 7 joint stimulations to bring complete reaction
-If sound was at a greater intensity number of joint stimulation may be reduced
Generalisation
-Watsons said emotional transfers do take place where fear is transferred to similar objects
Phobias
-Phobias acquired through classical conditioning, early conditioning on found in people who are constitutionally inferior
Freudian position
-Albert displayed ego defence mechanisms like sucking thumbs/ displacement of fear ro mother only possible due to classical conditioning he was exposed to

Question 17

CONCLUSIONS-WATSON &RAYNER

Answer 17

Ease
-Took 7 joint stimulations to bring complete reaction
-If sound was at a greater intensity number of joint stimulation may be reduced
Generalisation
-Watsons said emotional transfers do take place where fear is transferred to similar objects
Phobias
-Phobias acquired through classical conditioning, early conditioning on found in people who are constitutionally inferior
Freudian position
-Albert displayed ego defence mechanisms like sucking thumbs/ displacement of fear ro mother only possible due to classical conditioning he was exposed to

Question 18

EVALUATION-METHODOLOGY & PROCEDURES

Answer 18

\+Support blanks states
\+Highly controlled (lights switched off)
\+Videos are scientific
-Consistency
-Psychological harm
-Parental consent

Question 19

EVALUATION-FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS

Answer 19

+Mowner introduced two process theory
+Classic conditioning obtain phobia
+Operant is used to maintain phobia
-Cc may explain phobias but cc is sometimes forgotten
-Even if a traumatic experience takes place it guarantees developing phobias
-Biological preparedness allows us to fear certain stimulus
+Accent fears cause us to fear rats
Psychological harm
-Lack of debrief
-Was removed from study suddenly by mother