Basic concepts Flashcards

1
Q

How is the endocrine system different from the nervous

A

anatomically discontinuous

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2
Q

How does the endocrine system broadcast hormonal messages

A

secretion into blood and extracellular fluid

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3
Q

What are general principles of endocrine gland organization

A

Ductless
Highly vascular
Functional secretory cells are usually epithelial

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4
Q

What are the three types of endocrine organ arrangements

A
Discrete glands (thyroid)
Endocrine components of other organs (pancreas)
Scattered cells throughout other organs (C cells in thyroid)
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5
Q

What are some basic characteristics of hormones

A

May have more than one target
active in low concentrations
One hormone may affect a target
May have same actions in more than one tissue, or opposite actions in two tissues

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6
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones

A

Amino acids
Steroids
Proteins

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7
Q

What are examples of steroid hormones

A

mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, testosterone, and estradiol

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8
Q

What are examples of protein hormones

A

Insulin, prolactin, ADH, oxytocin, and parathormone

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9
Q

What are examples of amino acid hormones

A

catecholamines

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10
Q

How are steroid hormones produced/stored

A

produced on demand and not stored

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11
Q

What types of organelles do steroid producing cells have the most of

A

SER, golgi

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12
Q

Where are amino acids and protein hormones stored

A

Granules

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13
Q

What types of organelle do protein hormone producing cells have a lot of

A

RER

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14
Q

What type of cells do hormones have an affect on

A

target cells

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15
Q

Why do target cells respond to hormone

A

The cell has a receptor for the hormone

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16
Q

What are the two types of hormone receptors

A

Membrane receptors

Cytoplasmic receptors

17
Q

What type of receptors do steroid hormones target

A

cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors

18
Q

How does a steroid hormone change cell function

A

Bind to nuclear or cytoplasmic receptor; receptor hormone complex binds specific DNA sequences
Directly alters gene expression

19
Q

How does hormonal action by plasma membrane receptors work

A

Hormone is 1st messenger
G proteins in cell membrane are activated
2nd messenger may be cAMP, cGMP, Ca++