Cell
Smallest living unit of organization
Tissue
Collection of similarly specialized cells
Organ
Independent body part formed from tissues (skin, brain, heart)
System
Organs functioning together (respiratory system, cardiovascular system)
Cell membrane “the wall”
Completely surrounds the cell. Phospholipid bilayer.
Function: Serves as a selective barrier that regulates the transport of substances into and out of the cell
Cytoplasm “the glue”
Semi-fluid portion of the cell, also contains cytoskeleton and vacuoles
Function: Consists of a gel-like protein that keeps all of the cellular organelles in place.
Nucleus “command center”
Largest, densest organelle in the cell; May be single, multiple, or missing
Function: Contains DNA—genetic information stored in chromosomes; Contains RNA—carries DNA to manufacturing parts of cell
Mitochondria “power plant”
Oblong bag with inner folds called cristea; Found in all cells
Function: responsible for energy production
Ribosomes “protein factories”
Can be free floating or attached to ER.
Function: involved in protein production which is necessary for cell growth and repair
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) “hotel ribosome”
Rough or smooth. Rough houses ribosomes. Smooth produces lipids and carbs.
Golgi Apparatus “UPS”
Sorts, packages, and delivers proteins
Lysosomes “garbage men”
Act as scavengers to break down substances via phagocytosis
Cytoskeleton “support beams”
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
Function: maintain cell shape
Inclusions “supplies”
Substances which are transient in the cell.
Function: Store for use at a later time ex. melanin
Organelles
metabolically active, specialized structures that allow the cell to function
Identify the basic components of tissues and the hierarchy/organization in the body
cell - tissue - organ- system
Identify the functions of organelles
Nucleus Mitochondria Ribosomes ER Golgi Lysosomes Cytoskeleton
Identify components of Interstitial fluid
Tissue Fluid: (interstitial fluid): provides a medium for dissolving, mixing, and transporting substances and for carrying out chemical reactions
What are the different types of intercellular junctions.
Desmosome & Hemidesmosome
Categorize tissues into four basic tissue types
Epithelium (simple & stratified)
Connective Tissue (proper & specialized)
Muscle (voluntary & involuntary)
Nerve (afferent & efferent)
What are the functions of epithelial cells?
Covers and lines the external and internal body surfaces Tissue absorption Secretion Sensory Protection from: Dehydration Heat loss Physical, chemical, and microbial attack
What are the two types of glandular tissue?
Exocrine: ducts that carry products out of the body
Endocrine: Ducts are lost and products are carried away from the gland through the blood
Types of Epithelial Cells
Squamous:
Cuboidal
Columnar
Classify epithelial tissue according to shape and arrangement of the cells.
Squamous: Flat
Cuboidal: Cube Shaped
Columnar: Tall
2 major types of epithelium
surface and glandular tissue.
Identify the two major types of connective tissues.
Proper (generalized) loose dense…
Specialized (individual jobs)
List proper connective tissue
Loose (superficial/papillary layer)
Dense (deep) - Regular & Irregular
Most common cell and fiber type in CT?
Cell: Fibroblast
Fiber: Collagen
What are the functions of connective tissue?
support attachment packing insulation storage transport repair defense
Histology of CT
Compared to epithelial tissue, connective tissue is composed of fewer cells spaced farther apart and containing larger amounts of (ECM) between the cells.
Most connective tissue is vascular (except cartilage—depends on surrounding CT)
Differentiate between the types of nervous systems in the body.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
-Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripereral Nervous System
-Spinal and Cranial Nerves
Nerve
bundle of nerve fibers in the PNS
Axon
carries impulses away from the cell body
Ganglion
group of nerve cells forming a nerve center, especially one located outside the brain or spinal cord. (trigeminal ganglion)
Dendrite
multi-branched processes that carries impulses toward the cell body
Synapse
junction between two neurons
Innervation
supply of nerves to an organ or tissue
Plexus
network of nerves in a particular area
What is the most common WBC in blood?
***Neutrophil or polymorphonuclear leukocyte
What is an excess of tissue fluid called?
Edema
What are the two types of extracellular materials?
Tissue fluid (Interstitial fluid) and Intercellular substance (ground material)
Define extracellular materials
Non-cellular material surrounding cells
Identify components of ground substance
Fills spaces between cells in a tissue (colorless, shapeless, transparent); allows for exchange of gasses and metabolic substances
What is a desmosome?
Cell to cell junction ex: epithelial. Has tonofilaments on both sides
What is a hemidesmosome?
Junction of a cell to an acellular surface (ex. gingival epithelium attaching to tooth surface) tooth is acellular.
Has tonofilaments on ONE side
How long does the oral mucosa take to repair and renew?
14 days
What connects the epithelial layer to the connective tissue layer?
A basement membrane with hemidesmosome attachments.
List specialized connective tissue
Bone (rigid) Cartilage (firm) Blood (fluid) Adipose Elastic Reticular
What are rete ridges (pegs)
Extensions of the epithelium into the CT
What are the functions of rete ridges?
Provides strength to the gingiva
Why ginigiva loops bumpy
What is the CT proper in oral mucosa?
Lamina propria
What is granulation tissue?
immature CT, has few fibers and an increased amount of blood vessels. Appears as a redder, softer tissue that bleeds easily
Where is the dense CT found and what does it consist of?
Deeper layer of lamina propria. Consists of protein fibers to give tissues its strength
What is dense regular CT?
Fibers that run parallel to each other (tendons)
What is dense irregular CT?
Nutrient and nerve source that reach into loose CT for epithelium and form an irregular pattern
Repair of CT is through what what kind of development?
Granulation tissue; may need to be surgically removed
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline, elastic, fibrous
What gives bones its hardness?
Calcium hydroxyapatite (same as enamel, dentin, and cementum)
If the body is calcium deficient where will the body get its calcium from?
The bones
What is the dental application of bone formation?
Orthodontics
What are the types of luekocytes?
Neutrophils, lymphyocytes, monocytes (macrophages), eosinophils, basophils, mast cells
What is the most common types of leukocyte in CT?
Monocytes (macrophages)
What are the two types of muscle tissue?
Voluntary and involuntary
Voluntary muscle
Somatic control: Skeletal muscle
Involuntary muscle
Autonomic control: cardiac and smooth
What are the two different types of nerves and their functions?
Afferent: sends signals to CNS
Efferent: sends them away
Sympathetic NS?
Flight or fight response
Parasympathic NS?
Rest and digest system