Barron's: Chapter 9 - Developmental Psychology

Question 1

Developmental psychologist

Answer 1

• study how our behaviors and thoughts change over our entire lives, from birth to death (or conception to cremation)

Question 2

Nature versus nurture

Answer 2

• influences on development from nature (genetic factors) first and then moves on to theories about nurture (environmental factors)

Question 3

Cross-sectional research

Answer 3

• uses participants of different ages to compare how certain variables may change over the life span

Question 4

Longitudinal research

Answer 4

• takes place over a long period of time, it examines one group of participants over time

Question 5

Teratogens

Answer 5

• certain chemicals or agents that can affect the fetus

Question 6

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Answer 6

• children are born with small, malformed skulls and mental retardation

Question 7

Newborn reflexes

Answer 7

• reflexes we are born with and lose later in life

Question 8

Attachment

Answer 8

• the reciprocal relationship between caregiver and child

Question 9

Harry Harlow’s attachment research

Answer 9

• he raised tow monkeys with wire mothers, one had a bottle and the other was covered in soft material. The monkeys preferred the one with the soft cloth and were less stressed then the ones that had the mother with the bottle

Question 10

Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation

Answer 10

• parents left their kids for a short period of time and then returned

Question 11

Secure attachments

Answer 11

• classified by children who show some distress when their caregiver leaves but are able to compose themselves and do something knowing that their caregiver will return.

Question 12

Avoidant attachments

Answer 12

• an adult attachment style that is characterized by the urge to protect oneself and stay away from relationships, while at the same time having an urge to be in a relationship.

Question 13

Anxious/ambivalent attachments

Answer 13

• Infants with this style are insecure and overemotional when it comes to their mothers. They are anxious when the mother is there and when she is absent.

Question 14

Authoritarian parents

Answer 14

• parents that set strict standards for their children’s behavior and apply punishments for violations of these rules

Question 15

Permissive parents

Answer 15

• parents that do not set clear guidelines for their children

Question 16

Authoritative parents

Answer 16

• parents have a set, consistent standard for their children’s behavior, but the standards are reasonable and explained

Question 17

Oral stage

Answer 17

• infants seek pleasure through their mouths

Question 18

Anal stage

Answer 18

• stage develops during toilet training

Question 19

Phallic stage

Answer 19

• babies realize their gender and this causes conflict in the family

Question 20

Genital stage

Answer 20

• kids enter the genital stage where they remain for the rest of their lives

Question 21

Erik Erikson’s psychosocial developmental theory

Answer 21

• he thought that our personality was profoundly influenced by our experiences with others

Question 22

Trust versus mistrust

Answer 22

• the first stage in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. This stage begins at birth and lasts through one year of age. Infants learn to trust that their caregivers will meet their basic needs. If these needs are not consistently met, mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety may develop.

Question 23

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Answer 23

• the child is developing physically and becoming more mobile. Between the ages of 18 months and three, children begin to assert their independence, by walking away from their mother, picking which toy to play with, and making choices about what they like to wear, to eat, etc.

Question 24

Initiative versus guilt

Answer 24

• the third stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. … During the initiative versus guilt stage, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction

Question 25

Industry versus inferiority

Answer 25

• the fourth stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. The stage occurs during childhood between the ages of six and eleven. According to Erikson’s stage theory, people progress through a series of stages as they develop and grow

Question 26

Identity versus role confusion

Answer 26

• Adolescence is the period of life between childhood and adulthood. According to psychologist Erik Erikson, adolescents go through the psychosocial crisis of identity versus role confusion, which involves exploring who they are as individuals.

Question 27

Intimacy versus isolation

Answer 27

• As we enter young adulthood in our early twenties, we also enter Erikson’s stage known as intimacy vs. isolation. During this stage, young adults face the challenge of forming close relationships with others. They develop intimate friendships and partnerships.

Question 28

Generativity versus stagnation

Answer 28

• the seventh stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. This stage takes place during middle adulthood between the ages of approximately 40 and 65.

Question 29

Integrity versus despair

Answer 29

• According to Erikson,achieving a sense of integrity means fully accepting oneself and coming to termswith the death. Accepting responsibility for your life and being able to undothe past and achieve satisfaction with self is essential. The inability to dothis results in a feeling of despair.

Question 30

Jean Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory

Answer 30

• he hypothesized that the kids are all thinking in similar ways and these ways of thinking differed from the ways adults think

Question 31

Schemata

Answer 31

• a representation of a plan or theory in the form of an outline or model.

Question 32

Assimilation

Answer 32

• the process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group

Question 33

Accomodation

Answer 33

• a term developed by psychologist Jean Piaget to describe what occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas. Rather than make the new information fit into an existing schema, you change the schema in order to accommodate the new information.

Question 34

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 34

• the first of the four stages Piaget uses to define cognitive development. Piaget designated the first two years of an infants lifeas the sensorimotor stage. During this period, infants are busy discovering relationships betweentheir bodies and the environment.

Question 35

Object permanence

Answer 35

• the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed (seen, heard, touched, smelled or sensed in any way).

Question 36

Peroperational stage

Answer 36

• the second stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. This stage begins around age two as children start to talks and last until approximately age seven. During this stage, children begin to engage in symbolic play and learn to manipulate symbols.

Question 37

Egocentric

Answer 37

• According to child psychologist David Elkind, this tendency for teenagers to focus on themselves and what others think of them, is called egocentrism in adolescence. The term egocentrism originally came from another child psychologist named Jean Piaget

Question 38

Concrete operations

Answer 38

• the concrete operational stage of development can be defined as the stage of cognitive development in which a child is capable of performing a variety of mental operations and thoughts using concrete concepts.

Question 39

Concepts of conservation

Answer 39

• refers to a logical thinking ability which, according to the psychologist Jean Piaget, is not present in children during the preoperational stage of their development at ages 2–7, but develops in the concrete operational stage at ages 7–11.

Question 40

Formal operations

Answer 40

• begins at approximately age twelve and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning also emerge during this stage.

Question 41

Metacognition

Answer 41

• awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes

Question 42

Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral developmental theory

Answer 42

• this theory made us understand that morality starts from the early childhood years and can be affected by several factors

Question 43

Preconventional stage

Answer 43

• concerns a child-like approach to right and wrong.

Question 44

Conventional stage

Answer 44

• Most adults hold moral principles that are generally based on compliance with social norms and a recognition that those social norms help preserve social order

Question 45

Postconventional stage

Answer 45

• the third and final level of Kohlberg’s moral development taxonomy where individuals enter the highest level of morale development. People who have reached this stage of development are concerned with the innate rights of humans and guided by their own ethical principles.

Question 46

Konrad Lorenz

Answer 46

• he best known among biologists for his pioneering work on imprinting in young animals.

Question 47

Harry Harlow

Answer 47

• he is best known for his discovery of the principle of attachment, or imprinting, through which in some species a bond is formed between a new born animal and its caregiver

Question 48

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 48

• she was an American-Canadian developmental psychologist known for her work in the development of attachment theory.

Question 49

Diana Baumrind

Answer 49

• she was known for her research on parenting styles and for her critique of the use of deception in psychological research.

Question 50

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 50

• he was the founder of a theory of human cultural and bio-social development commonly referred to as cultural-historical psychology, and leader of the Vygotsky Circle.

Question 51

Sigmund Freud

Answer 51

• he was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

Question 52

Erik Erikson

Answer 52

• he is known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings. He may be most famous for coining the phrase identity crisis.

Question 53

Jean Piaget

Answer 53

• Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called “genetic epistemology”.

Question 54

Alfred Binet

Answer 54

• he was a French pyschologist who invented the first practical IQ test, the Binet-Simon test.

Question 55

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 55

• he was an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development

Question 56

Carol Gilligan

Answer 56

• she is best known for her work on ethical community and ethical relationships, and certain subject-object problems in ethics.