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Flashcards in B5 Deck (48)
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1
Q

Tendons…

A

connect muscles to bones

2
Q

Ligaments…

A

connect bones to bones

3
Q

Cartilage is the…

A

soft gel that protects bones and covers the surface of the bone at joints

4
Q

Why have an internal skeleton?

A
  • Provides a framework for you body to grow
  • Can’t be outgrown
  • Allows muscles to be easily attached
  • Allows lots of joints for flexibility
5
Q

Explain ossification

Why do children have more cartilage in their bones?

A

Babies bones are first made of cartilage only however as they grow calcium phosphate is deposited on them to harden them into bones. Children have more cartilage than adults as they are still growing.

6
Q

Three types of fracture…

A
  • Green stick (bone bent but not broken)
  • Simple fracture (bone broken but skin intact)
  • Compound fracture (bone broken and skin cut open)
7
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

a joint that is freely moveable

8
Q

What produces synovial fluid?

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

A

the synovial membrane produces the synovial fluid which lubricates the bones during movement.

9
Q

How many planes of movement do hinge joints allow?

What do they allow us to do?

A

One

They allow us to lift heavy objects and straighten our limbs.

10
Q

How is bending you arm an example of a lever?

A

Because the hand moves through a larger distance than the muscle and also the muscle exerts a greater force than the load the hand lifts.

11
Q

Why don’t amoeba need a circulatory system?

A

They have much surface area compared to volume and are surrounded by water and take in the dissolved oxygen in water through its membrane.
Waste material diffuses out of the cell

12
Q

What is an open circulation system?

A

Where the blood travels up the aorta from the heart into and bathes the organs in the head then trickles back the heart through the body cavity.

13
Q

Explain the circulatory system in a fish

A

Blood circulates once around the body from the heart to the gills where it collects oxygen and unloads carbon dioxide before reaching the body organs and tissues and back to the heart (which has two chambers)

14
Q

Which has a higher pressure; double or single circulatory system?

A

Double.

15
Q

How do pacemakers control the rate at which the heart contracts?

A

The pacemaker cells produce a small electrical current that stimulates the cardiac muscle to contract.

16
Q

What are Electrocardiograms used for?

A

To determine whether or not someone has an irregular heartbeat

17
Q

How does a hole in the heart develop?

A

In the womb, babies have a hole between the left and right atria because oxygenated blood enters the right side and flows through to the left. At birth, the lungs handle most blood and if this hole doesn’t close then the oxygenated blood flows from left to right and less oxygen reaches the rest of the body.

18
Q

Damaged heart valves lead to…

A

blood flowing backwards and a deficit of oxygenated blood reaching the organs.

19
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of pacemakers or valve replacements over a heart transplant?

A

+ Less traumatic and drugs don’t need to be taken to suppress the immune system.

+ No chance of rejection

  • Have to be replaced
20
Q

How is donated blood stored?

A

In a plastic bag with a chemical added to stop coagulation.

21
Q

How do warfarin and aspirin reduce the chance of stroke?

A

They reduce the ability of the blood to clot so stop a clot forming in arteries.

22
Q

What are the four types of blood?

A

A
B
AB
O

ALSO SPLIT INTO POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE

23
Q

Why are some blood transfusions unsuccessful?

A

Your red blood cells have their own antigens and the plasma in your blood have antibodies - although not ones that will fight against the antigens on your red blood cells. If the antigens on transfused blood match the antibodies on your own plasma the blood will clump and cannot circulate and death occurs.

24
Q

Why can group O donate to anyone?

A

They have no antigens.

25
Q

Why can blood group AB receive any type of blood?

A

They have no antibodies

26
Q

How do fish gills work?

A
  • Water is taken in
  • Oxygen dissolved in the water then diffuses into the fish’s blood at the gills.
  • Oxygenated blood then flows to the fish’s body organs.
27
Q

What happens when you breathe in?

A
  • Intercostal muscles contract
  • Diaphragm flattens
  • Volume increased
  • Air pressure in lungs is lower than outside
  • Air enters lungs
28
Q

What happens when you breathe out?

A
  • Intercostal muscles relax
  • Diaphragm domes upwards
  • Volume reduced
  • Air pressure in lungs is greater than outside.
  • Air leaves your lungs.
29
Q

How are the alveoli adapted?

A
  • Are permeable
  • Have a large surface area
  • Have thin walls
  • have a good blood supply
30
Q

How do cilia remove pathogens?

A

Some cilia secrete mucus which traps pathogens

  • Mucus is the wafted up to the back of throat by cilia
  • Mucus is then swallowed and pathogens killed by stomach acid.
31
Q

What if cilia are not working?

A

Pathogens remain in the lungs and can cause disease.

32
Q

How is the small intestine adapted?

A
  • Very long
  • Large surface area
  • Villi
  • Microvilli
  • Thin lining
  • Good blood supply
33
Q

What substances are filtered out by the kidney?

A

Glucose
Salts
Water
Urea

34
Q

What is Urea?

A

Reacted carbon dioxide and ammonia from the liver.

35
Q

What happens to excess amino acids in the liver?

A

converted into ammonia

36
Q

What substances are re-absorbed by the kidney?

A

All the glucose
some salts
some water

THE USEFUL STUFF

37
Q

What is the name of a filtering unit in the kidneys?

A

Nephrons

38
Q

What does a nephron consist of?

A

A knot of capillaries (glomerulus) where high pressue filtration occurs

A region for selective reabsorption

A region for salt and water regulation

39
Q

What does ADH do?

A

It’s a hormone released from the pituitary gland directly into the blood. It makes the walls of the collecting duct more permeable to water so that more water can be reabsorbed into the blood

40
Q

How is ADH involved in negative feedback?

A

If water levels in the blood are too high then less ADH is released so less water is reabsorbed and more lost as urine.

41
Q

What are the female sex hormones?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone - used to control the menstrual cycle.

42
Q

What happens during the menstrual cycle?

A
  • The pituitary gland releases FSH which causes an egg in one of the ovaries to mature.
  • Ovaries make the hormone oestrogen.
  • Oestrogen stimulates the pituitary gland to release another hormone called LH.
  • LH triggers the release of the egg (ovulation)
  • Oestrogen also inhibits production of more FSH and it repairs the uterus lining.
  • Progesterone maintains the uterus lining and inhibits LH.
  • If fertilisation occurs then the uterus lining stays in the uterus however if no conception occurs it drops out (period)
43
Q

How does the contraceptive pill work?

A

Causes the body to produce large amounts of progesterone and oestrogen which stops FSH and LH being produced so mimics pregnancy by stopping ovulation.

44
Q

How does IVF work?

A
  • Woman injected with FSH to stimulate her ovaries to produce eggs.
  • Eggs then collected and put into glass dish
  • Healthy sperms are selected and injected into eggs
  • two successful developing embryos are inserted into mothers womb.
45
Q

Where does the human growth hormone come from?

A

Pituitary gland

46
Q

What’s the main advantage of mechanical transplants rather than human ones?

A

No rejection

47
Q

What do designers of mechanical organs need to consider?

A

Size
Battery Life
Use of inert materials
Strength

48
Q

How can the risk of rejection be lowered?

A

Tissue matching

Immunosuppressant drugs