Autonomics/Chapman's Points Flashcards Preview

ECOS 2 Pre-Midterm > Autonomics/Chapman's Points > Flashcards

Flashcards in Autonomics/Chapman's Points Deck (42)
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1
Q

Afferents into the spinal cord gray matter synapse at what layers?

A

Upper layers

2
Q

Interneurons and motorneuron cell bodies are at what spinal cord gray matter layers?

A

Lower layers

3
Q

A majority of the interneurons receive input from?

A

BOTH visceral and somatic afferents

4
Q

Do visceral and somatic afferents overlap?

A

Yes

5
Q

Interactions with somatic _____ localize pain

A

Efferents

6
Q

Cortical inhibition

A

Descending influences on reflexes

  • Excitation amplifies output
  • Inhibition reduces output
7
Q

Facilitated segment concept

A

Constant afferent bombardment by injured somatic or visceral fibers leads to segmental excitation which produces excessive efferent response

8
Q

For facilitated segment concept, the low threshold spinal reflexes represent a _____ pathway state caused by continuous bombardment of inputs

A

Hyper-excited pathway

9
Q

What did the facilitated segment concept researchers use to show somatic reflex changes?

A

EMG

10
Q

Sensitization

A

Process of increasing a response of a neural pathway with repetitive stimulation

11
Q

Habituation

A

Process of decreasing a response of a neural pathway with continuous stimulation

12
Q

The nociceptive theory of facilitation says that _____ and ____ exist together to maintain homeostasis

A

Sensitization and Habituation

13
Q

Current theory as to cause for facilitation involves?

A

Alteration of nociceptive input

14
Q

Describe the order of events for the nociceptive theory of facilitation

A

Once a stimulus is strong enough it travels to cord and branches
- releases peptides
- chemical soup (inflammatory cascade) spreads in tissues and cord
- Lowers threshold for nociceptors and interneurons
= Results in a larger than normal motor and autonomic output in those spinal level associated areas

15
Q

Facilitation

A

Maintenance of a pool of neurons in a state of subthreshold excitation
- LESS afferent stimulation is needed to trigger discharge of impulses

16
Q

What may cause facilitation?

A

Aberrant patterns of afferent input

Sustained increase in afferent input

17
Q

Once facilitation is established, how is it maintained?

A

Normal CNS activity - self sustaining

18
Q

Allostasis

A

Response to stress in attempt to regain homeostasis

19
Q

What is the longterm neural effect of segmental facilitation?

A

Allostasis overload

20
Q

Describe the steps to allostasis overload

A

Stimulus
Chemical soup of inflammatory mediators
Primary afferent sensitization
Hyperalgesia and prolonged response
Central sensitization of spinal cord neurons
Brainstem decreases descending inhibition
= allostasis overload

21
Q

Allostasis overload can cause?

A

HTN, Depression, anxiety, memory loss, etc.

22
Q

What are the 4 reflex types?

A
  1. Somatosomatic
  2. Somatovisceral
  3. Viscerosomatic
  4. Viscerovisceral
23
Q

Somatosomatic reflex

A

Somatic stimuli produces reflex response in somatic structures
- ex. withdrawal response

24
Q

Somatovisceral reflex

A

Somatic stimuli produces reflex response in visceral structures

25
Q

Ex. of somatovisceral reflex

A

Somatocardiac
Somatogastric
Somatoadrenal
– somatic stimuli (pain) causes visceral response

26
Q

Somatocardiac reflex (somatovisceral)

A

Nociceptive pain somatic stimuli causes an increased HR and BP

27
Q

Somatoadrenal reflex (somatovisceral)

A

Nociceptive pain somatic stimuli causes the release of catecholamines (adrenalin)

28
Q

Viscerosomatic reflex

A

Visceral stimuli produces reflex response in somatic structures
ex. Cardiac visceral pain experienced as somatic pain

29
Q

Viscerovisceral reflex

A

Visceral stimuli produce reflex response in visceral structures

30
Q

Ex. of a viscerovisceral reflex

A

Gastrocolic = Distention of gut –> contraction of gut muscle
- when you eat you poop

31
Q

The vagus nerve is ____% sensory

A

80-90%

32
Q

What type of neurons connect visceral and somatic systems?

A

Interneurons

33
Q

What type of reflexes are chapman points?

A

Viscerosomatic reflexes

34
Q

What are chapman points?

A

Palpable points on body that are reflections of visceral dysfunction

35
Q

What type of contraction is seen with chapman points?

A

Gangliform contraction

36
Q

Gangliform contraction

A

Blocks lymphatic drainage and causes sympathetic dysfunction

37
Q

Where are chapman points located?

A

Deep to the skin in subcutaneous tissue, deep fascia

38
Q

What do chapman points feel like?

A

Small, smooth, firm nodules 2-3 cm in diameter

39
Q

What will the patient feel when you press on their chapman point?

A

Pain - sharp and NON-radiating

40
Q

For a chapman reflex point to be (+), what must be present?

A

Anterior and posterior points for that organ

41
Q

What does a non-tender chapman point indicate?

A

Nothing

42
Q

How do you treat chapman points?

A

Rotatory stimulation - massage it