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clinical pathology > Ashleys Leukocytic 8pm on a Saturday deck of Awesome > Flashcards

Ashleys Leukocytic 8pm on a Saturday deck of Awesome Flashcards

1
Q

What is a granular lymphocyte?

A

cytotoxic T cell

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2
Q

What does a reactive lymphocyte look like?

A

bluish black cytoplasm

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3
Q

Which immune cells are innate and adaptive

A

innate - NK

adaptive - T, B

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4
Q

Most common leukocyte

A

nuetrophil (most species)

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5
Q

2nd most common leukocyte?

A

lymphocyte (predominate in ruminants, swine, rodents, some reptiles)

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6
Q

T cells live?

B cells live?

A

blood

lymph

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7
Q

Which leukocytes have round nuclei?

A

Mast cells and lymphocytes

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8
Q

Which leukocytes have blue granules?

A

Basophils - segmented nuclei

Mast cells - round nuclei

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9
Q

Bacterial infection assassins?

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

Other infection (viral, fungal, protozoal, helminth) assassins

A

Monocytes/Macrophages

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11
Q

Who presents Ags to T-cells?

A

monocytes

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12
Q

function in immune modulation/cytokine production?

A

monocytes

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13
Q

Equine eosinophil

A

lotsa pink waterballoons

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14
Q

rod shaped granules

A

feline eosinophils

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15
Q

Where are eosinophils found?

A

GI!!, respiratory, urogenital mucosa and skin

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16
Q

Which leukocytes attack CERTAIN tissue phases of a few parasites (heartworm, paragonimus)

A

eosinophils

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17
Q

which two cells typically increase parallel to each other?

A

eosinophils and basophils

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18
Q

time to mature from myeloblast to a segmented neutrophil

A

1 week

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19
Q

Livespan in blood of:
erythrocytes?
leukocytes?
platelets?

A

WBC - 10 hours
Plat - 10 days
RBC - 100days

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20
Q

Entire neutrophil population replaced ____ times a day?

A

2.5

time to release seg neutrophils from storage pool is quick! (few hours)

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21
Q

PMNs?

A

neutrophils usually

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22
Q

Who has bigger storage pools and can thus respond more readily to inc. tissue demand for neutrophils?

A

dog > Cat&raquo_space; Horse > Bovine

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23
Q

Who has a weird (non-50:50) ratio of circulating:marginating neutrophils?

A

cAtS! o.O

30:70

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24
Q

neutrophils mature ________ vs. lymphocytes can ________.

A

unidirectionally

recirculate

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25
Q

What can cause the marginating pool to decrease (and inc. the circulating pool)

A

Steroids (or Cushings)

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26
Q

When there’s an increased demand for neutrophils, inflammation, it can take ______ days to move from marrow pools to the blood.

A

2-5 days

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27
Q

The time a neutrophil spends in circulation is solely dependent on

A

Tissue demand

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28
Q

Causes of Eosinophilia?

A 
NAACP PINK
Neoplasia
Allergy/Hypersensitivity
Addisons
Parasites
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29
Q

Clinically important leukocytopenias?

A

Neutropenia
Lymphopenia
Eosinopenia

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30
Q

Causes of Left Shift?

A

Inflammation (Infectious or non)
Hereditary (Pelger Huet)
Neoplasia (CML)

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31
Q

Types of Left shift?

A

Regenerative: Neutrophilia, mature predominates
Degenerative: normal/neutropenia, immature dominate

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32
Q

Which left shift is worse?

A

Degenerative!!

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33
Q

Bovines almost always present with a _______ Left Shift, so?

A

Degenerative, so its not a good prognostic indicator

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34
Q

toxic changes in neutrophils?

Is neutrophil function affected by these changes?

A 
cytoplasmic basophilia
dohle bodies
foamy vacuolatioin
giantism
toxic granulation
donut nuclei
(nope)
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35
Q

hypersegmentation

A

hypercortisolemia or old blood
more common in inflamed tissues
not a toxic change!!
(right shift)

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36
Q

affect of necrosis of tissues on neutrophils

A

degeneration

exploded looking nuclei

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37
Q

leukergy occurs due to coating of WBCs with _____.

happens?

A

protein of Ig

in the tube after sample collection

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38
Q

infectious bacterial agents (ehrlichia, anaplasma) can be seen as _____ within neutrophils

A

morulae

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39
Q

Pelger-Huet Anomaly

A 
AUSTRALIAN SHEPARDS (or chronic infections or certain drugs)
banded (hyposegmentation) with normal cytoplasm
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40
Q

healthy foals

A

normally have granules in neutrophils

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41
Q

Stress Leukogram (glucocorticoids)

A

SMiLEd
segs, monos increase
Lymphocytes, eosinophils decrease
(Leukocytosis with a L shift Neutrophilia)

42
Q

Most common cause of nonregenerative anemia

A

inflammation

43
Q

Epinephrine “Excitement Response” Leukogram

A

Increased
Neutrophils and Lymphocytes
(Q demarginates neutrophils, flushes out lymphocytes from lymphoid organs)

44
Q

Excitement Response is most easily seen in?

Will return to normal in?

A

cats and horses

returns to normal in an hour

45
Q

What happens when the Maturation and Storing pools release their reserves in response to stress/excitement?

A

storage pool -> neutrophilia

maturing cells -> left shift

46
Q

When tissue demand is _____ than marrow production -> _______

A

greater; neutropenia

lesser; neutrophilia

47
Q

more mature segmented neutrophils than immature

A

Regenerative Left Shift

48
Q

How to know animal is on the ‘down-swing’ and possibly about to become neutropenic

A

more immature cells than mature segmented (Degenerative Left Shift)

49
Q

leukemoid

common in dogs

A

When WBCs get super high, especially during chronic inflammation
(common in dogs)

50
Q

Interpretation of Neutropenia in different species?

A

In Dogs and Cats will indicate a very severe lesion vs. probably severe in horses and a usual finding in bovine, regardless of severity

51
Q

Increases with active inflammation.

Response is more pronounced in ?

A

fibrinogen

Large Animals, will even preceed neutrophilia

52
Q

How do we estimate fibrinogen?

A

Measure TP before and after heating hematocrit tube, the difference is estimated fibrinogen (heat precipitated proteins)

53
Q

Which inflammation will be worse ‘more inflamed’ ? Closed or Open?

A

Closed

ex. leukemoid response in canine pyometra, closed cavity lesions with extensive necrosis and inflammaiton

54
Q

Different causes of neutrophilia?

A

Inflam & Steroid - L shifted neutrophilia
Steroid - Neutrophilia and Lymphopenia
Excitement - Neutrophilia and normal/lymphocytosis

55
Q

Normal Lymphocytes vs. Reactive vs. Neoplastic?

A

normal (small, intermediate, or granualar)
Reactive (Bluish/Black cytoplasm)
Neoplastic (larger, inc. in number, abnormal predominant cell type, lymphoblasts)

56
Q

Prolonged antigenic stimulation can lead to?

examples

A

lymphocytosis

hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases

57
Q

Bovines can get persistent lymphocytosis due to ______. Then they can’t be exported to certain countries.

A

BLV (Bovine Leukemia Virus)

58
Q

inflammation and specifically hyperglobinemia can lead to smear changes including?

A

Reuleaux

59
Q

Causes of Neutropenia?

A

decreased

60
Q

Canine Parvovirus is a common cause of?

A

severe reversible stem cell injury. (neutropenia)

and Mast cells in circulation

61
Q

which cells are the first to be affected by bone marrow injury?

A

neutrophils

62
Q

Neutropenia with (nonregenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, neoplasm)

A

chronic marrow injury

63
Q

L shifted neutropenia without anemia

A

acute inflammation

64
Q

Non-Left-shifted neutropenia without anemia

A

acute viral infection or acute marrow injury

65
Q

example of a loss of lymphocyte-rich fluid as an effusion

A

chylothorax

66
Q

In horses, a stress leukogram will only have a _______

A

low end of normal lymphocyte count

67
Q

What to do with a monocytopenia?

A

nothing, its normal

68
Q

Parasites with ____________ cause eosinophilia

A

tissue migration phases

69
Q

Mast cells can be seen in circulation with?

A

Parvovirus, skin/GI/Resp diseases

70
Q

Marrow is totally dead when

A

pancytopenia

71
Q

How does marrow normally respond to anemia and thrombocytopenia

A 
Erythroid hyperplasia (reticulocytosis)
and Megakaryocytic hyperplasia
72
Q

pancytopenia doesn’t include

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

73
Q

If you see Nucleated RBCs without polychromasia you should probably

A

check out the marrow

74
Q

hyperproteinemia

A

MM, Lymphoid neoplasia, Leishmaniasis, histoplasmosis…. Do I have to know this??

75
Q

hypercalcemia of malignancy…

A

lymphoid or metastatic neoplasms, or MM

76
Q

What metastisizes to the marrow?

A

Lymphoma, Mast Cell tumor, carcinoma/sarcomas

77
Q

typically use _____ for bone marrow aspirates in small animals

A

humerus

78
Q

stains for iron

A

prussian blue

79
Q

Its ok for the M:E ratio to be off when?

A

the marrow is responding

80
Q

Why do we care if there’s iron in the marrow?

A

When sequestered in the marrow - anemia of inflammation

When low in marrow - Fe deficiency anemia

81
Q

causes of reversible marrow injuries?

A

infection, drugs, chemo, immune-mediated

82
Q

______ (from Endogenous Sertoli cell tumors or ferrets) , phenylbutazone, albendazole are all chemicals toxic to marrow stem cells

A

estrogen

83
Q

FeLV

A

CHRONIC marrow injury (irreversible, MYELODYSPLASIA)

84
Q

Causes of irreversible marrow injury?

A

myelophthisis, myelodysplasia (FeLV), Radiation, Benzene chemicals

85
Q

occurs due to several types of marrow injuries? and predisposed if central IMHA

A

myelofibrosis

86
Q

any agent directly toxic to marrow, hemolytic anemias, radiation, idiopathic

A

myelofibrosis

87
Q

myelodyspasia may progress to?

A

myeloproliferative disease

88
Q

How to identify dysplastic

A

maturation asynchrony

89
Q

3 types of neoplastic proliferative lymphocytic diseases?

A

leukemia
lymphoma
MM

90
Q

What kind of marrow injury does leukemia cause?

A

chronic

91
Q

Leukemia arises from uncontrolled growth of cells that are either mature (______ Leukemia) or immature/blastic (______ Leukemia)

A

chronic; acute

92
Q

_____ Leukemia may turn into _____.

A

Chronic -> Acute

93
Q

Which (cell type) leukemia is more rapidly progressive and has a worse prognosis?

A

Myeloid

94
Q

Which leukemia has the best prognosis? Which leukemia has the best prognosis?

A

chronic lymphoid

95
Q

Which leukemia has the worst prognosis?

A

acute myeloid

96
Q

Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma are both

A

lymphoproliferative diseases of lymphoid origin

97
Q

centripetal spread vs. centrifugal spread?

A

lymphoma vs. leukemia

98
Q

hyperglobulinemia due to monoclonal gammopathy

A

multiple myeloma

99
Q

Neoplasm of plasma cells that usually begins in the marrow

A

multiple myeloma

100
Q

In MM, Plasma cells produce an excessive amount of _______, that can ___________ causing _____.

A

Bence Jones proteins (Ig light chains) that can leak into the urine causing proteinuria.

101
Q

Must exhibit 2 of these to confirm Multiple Myeloma.

A

Plasma cells infiltrate in marrow, monoclonal gammopathy, bence jones proteinuria, osteolytic lesions

102
Q

Crossmatching?

A

not necessary on FIRST canine-canine transfusion. Ideally done before all transfusions.

clinical pathology (6 decks)

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