Argumentative Strategies and Fallacies Flashcards

1
Q

Modus Pones

A
  • mode of affirming
  • P -> Q
    P
    Q
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2
Q

Modus Tollens

A
  • mode of denying
  • P -> Q
    • Q
    • P
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3
Q

Affirming the consequent

A

P -> Q
Q
P

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4
Q

Denying the antecedent

A

P -> Q

  • P
  • Q
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5
Q

The Chain Argument

A

If A then B, if B then C, if C then D etc

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6
Q

The Either-Or Argument

A
  • mutally exclusive possibilites
  • one obtains and the other does not (or vice versa)
  • -P Q
    -P
    Q
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7
Q

Reductio ad Absurdam

A
  • Proving the falsity of the premise by showing the falsity of the conclusion
  • method of arguing backwards when conclusion is obviously false/contradictory
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8
Q

What are non-normal fallacies

A

Where the argument is valid but has false premises

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9
Q

The Undistributed Middle

A
  • a term found in both of the 2 premises cannot be in the predicate position twice
  • Every A is B
    Every C is B
    Every A is C
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10
Q

Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise

A
  • cannot have this (at least one of the premises has to be affirmative as well
  • No A is B
    w is -A
    w is B
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11
Q

Affirming a disjunct

A
  • can’t infer the fact that if one disjunct is true then the other is false
  • P v Q
    P
    -Q
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12
Q

Equivocal Argument

A
  • same word used in two different senses
  • some parts of the world, men have a legal right to beat their wives
    In England, me do not have such a legal right
    Not all human beings have the same moral rights
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13
Q

False Dilemma/Dichotomy

A
  • two alternatives are presented as exhausative when there are other possibilities
  • ‘Either you support the resistance or you are a collaborator’
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14
Q

Slippery Slope

A
  • a small change leads to a large change in the future

- can be sound or unsound

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15
Q

Question begging/petitio principii

A

The conclusion repeats the premises in different words

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16
Q

Circular Argument

A
  • premises are only true if the conlcusions are true
  • If the Bible does not lie, then God exist
    The Bible does not lie
    Therefore God exists
17
Q

Misplacing the burden of proof

A

makes a claim but puts the ‘burden of proof’ on the other side of the argument